(Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by jonstr »

Maybe they took some time off the TV show to finish up the movie version.

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1235844/ :zs
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by Digspeed »

15,000 views!

here is my favorite! :flame

Jersey Shore (TV series)
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Jersey Shore
Jerseyshore.png
Title screen shot
Genre Reality
Developed by SallyAnn Salsano
Starring Jenni Farley
Michael Sorrentino
Nicole Polizzi
Paul DelVecchio
Ronnie Ortiz-Magro
Sammi Giancola
Vinny Guadagnino
Angelina Pivarnick
Opening theme "Get Crazy" by LMFAO
Country of origin United States
Language(s) English
No. of seasons 1
No. of episodes 9 (List of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s) SallyAnn Salsano
Scott Jeffress
Jacquelyn French
Running time 42 minutes
Broadcast
Original channel MTV
Picture format 16:9 480i SDTV
Original run December 3, 2009 (2009-12-03) – present
External links
Official website

Jersey Shore is a reality television series on MTV that follows eight housemates spending their summer on the Jersey Shore. The first season was filmed in August 2009 in a summer share in Seaside Heights but was also filmed in other towns such as Toms River, Neptune and Atlantic City, New Jersey. The show debuted amid large amounts of controversy regarding the use of the words "Guido/Guidette", portrayals of Italian-American stereotypes and scrutiny from locals because the cast members were not residents of the area.[1][2][3] The theme song featured in the opening credits is "Get Crazy" by LMFAO.

Following the success of the first season, MTV announced in January 2010 that a second season consisting of 12 episodes had been ordered and would air that summer.[4] It would follow all of the first season cast as they escape the cold northeast and find themselves in Miami.[4] The second season will premiere on July 29, 2010.[5] On July 20, 2010, MTV announced that the entire cast, with the exception of Angelina, would return for a third season to be shot back in Seaside Heights, New Jersey and scheduled to air later.[6][7] MTV has since exported the series to dozens of countries worldwide.[7]
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Premise
* 2 Episodes
* 3 Cast
* 4 Media and merchandise
o 4.1 DVD releases
o 4.2 Soundtrack and literature
o 4.3 Other
* 5 Controversy
* 6 References
* 7 External links

Premise

The show examines the lives of eight young cast members living and vacationing on the various resorts along the Jersey Shore, more specifically the town of Seaside Heights. In exchange for living and partying in the shore house, each member of the cast is required to work shifts at a local boardwalk t-shirt store. Failure to comply with the ground rules set by their boss, who owns the shore house in which the cast resides, results in termination and eviction from the shore house.[8]
Episodes
Main article: List of Jersey Shore episodes

Following the success of the first season, MTV announced in January 2010 that a second season consisting of 12 episodes had been ordered and would air that summer.[4][9][10] It would follow all of the first season cast as they "escape the cold northeast and find themselves in a new destination".[4][9] The first half of second season was shot in the South Beach neighborhood of Miami Beach, Florida, in May 2010 and the cast were to relocate back to the Jersey Shore for the rest of filming. It was later determined that the production company had enough footage from the Miami shoot to fill the whole second season[11] scheduled to premiere July 29, 2010,[5] and would instead use the footage to be shot at the Jersey Shore for a third season.

On July 20, 2010, MTV announced that the entire cast, with the exception of Angelina, would return for a third season to be aired later.[6][7][12] Season 3 will be shot back in Seaside Heights, New Jersey during the summer.[6][7]
Season Ep # First Airdate Last Airdate
Season 1 9 December 3, 2009 January 21, 2010
Season 2 12 July 29, 2010 TBA
Cast

While media outlets have erroneously reported that the cast were Italian-Americans, only five of the eight cast members are of Italian ancestry. Only one of the eight is actually from the state of New Jersey.
Name ("Nickname")[13] Age[a][13] Hometown[13] Biography[13]
Angelina "Jolie" Pivarnick[14] 22 Staten Island, New York Angelina, a New York City bartender, proclaims herself as "the Kim Kardashian of Staten Island" due to her "all natural" figure. A very outspoken individual, she causes conflicts within the shore house primarily between male castmates. She starts out the season with a serious relationship at home and intends on remaining faithful. However, the two ultimately break up in episode 3, which indirectly leads to her eviction from the shore house after refusing to work her shift in the t-shirt shop.[15][16]
Jenni "JWoww" Farley[17] 23 Franklin Square, New York Jenni, aka JWoww, is a graphic designer and club promoter from Franklin Square, New York. She refers to herself as a praying mantis when it comes to her relationships with men. However, JWoww enters the shore house with a steady relationship at home with a man whom she claims to love. Although she intended to remain faithful, JWoww ultimately cheats on her boyfriend with castmate Pauly D and ends her relationship in Episode 3.[16][17] Prior to her 21st birthday she got a breast augmentation as a present to herself.[18]
Michael "The Situation" Sorrentino[19] 27 Staten Island, New York Mike, an assistant manager of a fitness center in Staten Island, refers to himself as "The Situation". He claims that despite his appearance as a "wild kid", he has a sensitive side, and hopes to settle down in the future. He develops an attraction towards Sammi "Sweetheart" but a relationship never comes into fruition when she becomes interested in fellow castmate Ronnie.[20][21] He also worked as an exotic dancer in 2004.[22]
Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi[23] 21 Marlboro, New York Nicole "Snooki" is a self proclaimed "guidette" from Marlboro, New York, and an aspiring veterinary technician. She describes her ideal man as one who fits the guido stereotype and enters the experience hoping to meet the man of her dreams. She is the center of controversy when a man punches her in her face during a bar confrontation.[24] She previously suffered from an eating disorder in high school.[25] Her friends started calling her "Snooki" in middle school after the character "Snooki the cootchie crook" from the film Save the Last Dance because she was the first of her friends to make out with a boy.[26]
Paul "DJ Pauly D" DelVecchio[27] 28 Johnston, Rhode Island Paul "DJ Pauly D" is a Disc Jockey from Johnston, Rhode Island outside of Providence. He owns a tanning bed in his house and spends around 25 minutes daily on his hair. He strikes up a brief romance with fellow castmate JWoww but the relationship does not progress.[16][28]
Ronnie Ortiz-Magro[29][30][31] 23 Bronx, New York Ronnie hails from The Bronx in New York City. He enters the experience with the intent of not falling in love at the Jersey Shore. However, he ultimately breaks his own rule and strikes up a relationship with castmate Sammi "Sweetheart".[16][32]
Sammi "Sweetheart" Giancola[33] 22 Hazlet, New Jersey Sammi "Sweetheart" calls herself "the sweetest bitch you'll ever meet" and hails from Hazlet, New Jersey. Recently single, she enters the house with the sole intent of having fun. She attended William Paterson University and was a midfielder on the women's soccer team.[34] When it comes to relationships, Sammi is described by her friends as a "heartbreaker" though she ultimately strikes up a relationship with fellow castmate Ronnie in Episode 3.[16][35]
Vinny Guadagnino[14] 21 Staten Island, New York Vinny comes from a traditional Italian family in Staten Island. A self proclaimed "Mama's boy", Vinny is ready to enjoy his first summer as a 21 year old at the shore.[36][37] Guadagnino is a graduate of the State University of New York at New Paltz and plans to attend law school if acting doesn't work out.[38]

^[a] Ages are at the time of filming.


Media and merchandise
DVD releases

On February 23, 2010, Amazon.com and MTV teamed up to release Jersey Shore on DVD.[39] The title theme, "Get Crazy" by LMFAO has been changed to a more nondescript trance song. Other songs have been changed since their original air date as well.[citation needed] A retail release by Paramount Home Entertainment with added commentary was released on July 20.[40] Although it is claimed the DVDs are uncensored, the video and some audio is still censored.[41] The DVD also includes special features include deleted scenes, the reunion special, "Tips From The Situation and Snooki," "Before the Shore," and the "Jersey Shore Makeover with Michael Cera" amongst others.[42]
Soundtrack and literature

A soundtrack to the series was released by MTV and Universal Republic on July 20, 2010.[43][44] Aimed to create the perfect summer playlist, the album features songs from a variety of artists including Enrique Inglesias, Pitbull, Taio Cruz, Ludacris, Lil Jon, 3OH!3 David Guetta, Fergie, Chris Willis, Girlicious and LMFAO as well as DJs like Deadmau5, Steve Aoki, Tiësto, Diplo, Paul Oakenfold as well as DJ Pauly D.[44] A deluxe edition of the album was also released containing a bonus CD featuring songs inspired from the first season of the show, like LMFAO's "Get Crazy".[43] The first single off the album was Enrique Inglesias' "I Like It"[43], whose video also featured the Jersey Shore cast.[45]

A quote book titled Gym, Tanning, Laundry: The Official Jersey Shore Quote Book (ISBN 978-1-4391-9682-3) was released by MTV on June 15, 2010.[46] The book also includes a bonus DVD with the most memorable moments from season one of the show.[47] A sticker book titled Jersey Shore Sticker Activity Book (ISBN 0766639045) was also released on the same date,[48] as well as a 2011 wall calendar (ISBN 0740797972) by Andrews McMeel Publishing.[49]
Other

Other merchandise relating to the show have also been released, including talking bobblehead dolls of the cast[50], a beach game set[51], a "Gym Tanning Laundry (GTL)" labeled sports bottle[52], as well as various T-Shirts.[53]
Controversy
Main article: Controversies of Jersey Shore (TV series)

MTV received a significant amount of criticism from Italian American organizations for the show Jersey Shore, which premiered in December 2009.[54] The controversy was due in large part to the manner in which MTV marketed the show, as it liberally used the word Guido to describe the cast members. The word Guido is generally regarded as an ethnic slur when referring to Italians and Italian Americans. One promotion stated that the show was to follow, "eight of the hottest, tannest, craziest Guidos,"[55] while yet another advertisement stated, "[the show] exposes one of the tri-state area's most misunderstood species... the GUIDO. Yes, they really do exist! Our Guidos and Guidettes will move into the ultimate beach house rental and indulge in everything the Seaside Heights, New Jersey scene has to offer."[56]

Prior to the series debut, UNICO National (which is the largest Italian American organization) formally requested that MTV cancel the show.[57] In a letter to the network, UNICO called the show a "...direct, deliberate and disgraceful attack on Italian Americans..."[58] UNICO National President Andre DiMino said in a statement "MTV has festooned the 'bordello-like' house set with Italian flags and red, white and green maps of New Jersey while every other cutaway shot is of Italian signs and symbols. They are blatantly as well as subliminally bashing Italian-Americans with every technique possible..."[59] Around this time, other Italian organizations joined the fight, including the NIAF,[60] the Order Sons of Italy in America and the internet watch-dog.[61][62]

MTV responded to the controversy by issuing a press release which stated in part, "the Italian-American cast takes pride in their ethnicity. We understand that this show is not intended for every audience and depicts just one aspect of youth culture."[54] Since the calls for the show's removal, several sponsors have requested that their ads not be aired during the show. These sponsors include Dell, Domino's and American Family Insurance.[63] Despite the loss of certain advertisers, MTV has not canceled the show. Moreover, the show has seen its audience gradually increase from its premiere in December 2009.
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by Callaway Chris »

Some new episodes were on the other night however, I am also taken in by this other new show on Tru-TV called Hardcore Pawn



Hardcore Pawn is a Detroit based pawn shop (a real one vs. the LA repo company I cannot find any record of...) and with 2 MILLION viewers, it is their #1 show :hi

http://www.trutv.com/shows/hardcore-pawn/


Here is the company website:

http://www.americanjewelryonline.com/


and their eBay store:

http://stores.ebay.com/Pawn-Detroit




Anyone watch??? It's like a trainwreck...




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_Pawn
Hardcore Pawn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with hardcore porn.
Hardcore Pawn is a documentary reality television series on truTV about a family-owned pawn shop, American Jewelry and Loan, in Detroit, Michigan, United States.[1] The series premiered August 16, 2010 at 10pm,[2] delivering 2 million viewers, setting a new record as truTV's most watched series premiere ever.[3]
Contents [hide]
1 Description
2 Cast
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
[edit]Description


This section is written like an advertisement. Please help rewrite this section from a neutral point of view. (August 2010)
The 50,000 sq. foot store is the largest pawn shop in Detroit[2] and there's nothing that the Gold family, who have been in the business for 40 years, haven't seen. While many customers bring in jewelry, household items, and boats they'd like to pawn, you never really know what people are going to show up with, when they need fast cash. Les, Seth and Ashley see a daily parade of crazy items including reptiles, stripper poles and even prosthetic legs and they're always ready to make a deal.
Every day that the Golds come to work is an adventure - and given their urban setting - bound to be filled with drama. The family dynamic makes it even more interesting,as Seth and Ashley rarely agree and their father Les is sometimes forced to take sides. To make things even more fascinating, there's an ever changing cast of characters as customers walk in off the street with stories that are often stranger than fiction.
Owner Les Gold, is street-smart and hard bargaining. He learned the tricks of the trade at his grandfather’s side and after 40 years of making deals, he's considered the “King of Pawn” with a Detroit empire that services more than 1,000 customers a day. While he’s as tough-as-nails when it comes to a deal, he’s got a heart of gold when it comes to Seth and Ashley, both 4th-generation pawn brokers and Les' protégés.
Seth Gold was well on his way to medical school, when he realized he couldn’t ignore his true calling. Negotiating with his father Les, from the time he was old enough to talk, his passion for the pawn business brought him back home and into the family business. Today he’s Les’s partner and often, the more pragmatic member of the family. While Les wheels and deals, Seth is focused on moving American Jewelry and Loan into the future – expanding the family run venture nationwide with the launch of pawndetroit.com.
You might think being daddy’s little girl landed Ashley Gold her role as General Manager of American Jewelry and Loan, but you’d be sadly mistaken. Ashley drives a hard bargain and sometimes she drives the 45 employees at American Jewelry and Loan, a little crazy. After 15 years of running the family’s loan operation, there’s no getting around her. Sweet as sugar on the outside, but tough to the core on the inside, spend five minutes with Ashley and you’ll know, she’s clearly cut from the family cloth.
[edit]Cast

Father, Les Gold
Son, Seth Gold
Daughter, Ashley Broad
[edit]See also

Pawn Stars
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by kingforward »

16,000+ views of this :bs thread
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by kingforward »

Lets add some substance to this thread....

IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America

hen in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. — Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.

He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

For protecting them, by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury:

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these united Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States, that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. — And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.

— John Hancock

New Hampshire:
Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton

Massachusetts:
John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry

Rhode Island:
Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery

Connecticut:
Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott

New York:
William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris

New Jersey:
Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark

Pennsylvania:
Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross

Delaware:
Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean

Maryland:
Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton

Virginia:
George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton,Callaway Chris,SurfnSun

North Carolina:
William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn

South Carolina:
Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton

Georgia:
Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton,Digspeed
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by kingforward »

for those that need to know....

History of the automobile


The design of the Cugnot Steam Trolley (Jonathan Holguinisburg) (1769)The history of the automobile begins as early as 1769, with the creation of steam-powered automobiles capable of human transport.[1] In 1806, the first cars powered by internal combustion engines running on fuel gas appeared, which led to the introduction in 1885 of the ubiquitous modern gasoline- or petrol-fueled internal combustion engine. Cars powered by electricity briefly appeared at the turn of the 20th century but largely disappeared from commonality until the turn of the 21st century, when interest in low- and zero-emissions transportation was reignited. As such, the early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras based on the prevalent method of automotive propulsion during that time. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling and size and utility preferences.

Contents [hide]
1 Eras of invention
1.1 Pioneer inventors
1.2 Early automobiles
1.2.1 Steam automobiles
1.2.2 Electric automobiles
1.2.3 Internal combustion engines
1.3 Veteran era
1.3.1 Brass or Edwardian era
1.4 Vintage era
1.5 Pre-WWII era
1.6 Post-war era
1.7 Modern era
1.8 Future directions
2 See also
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links

[edit] Eras of invention
[edit] Pioneer inventors
German engineer Karl Benz, the inventor of numerous car-related technologies, is generally regarded as the inventor of the modern automobile. The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion is a creation of German inventor Nikolaus Otto. The similar four-stroke diesel engine was also invented by a German, Rudolf Diesel. The hydrogen fuel cell, one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered in principle by yet another German, Christian Friedrich Schönbein, in 1838. The battery electric car owes its beginnings to Hungarian Ányos Jedlik, one of the inventors of the electric motor, and Gaston Planté, who invented the lead-acid battery in 1859.

[edit] Early automobiles
[edit] Steam automobiles
See also: History of steam road vehicles

Cugnot's steam wagon, the second (1771) versionFerdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672, designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor, it being of small scale and unable to carry a driver or passenger but, quite possibly, the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').[2][3]


A replica of Richard Trevithick's 1801 road locomotive 'Puffing Devil'Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles are thought to have been devised in the late-18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his fardier à vapeur, an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor, in 1770 and 1771. Cugnot's design proved to be impractical and his invention was not developed in his native France, the centre of innovation passing to Great Britain. By 1784, William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth, and in 1801 Richard Trevithick was running a full-sized vehicle on the road in Camborne.[4] Such vehicles were in vogue for a time, and over the next decades such innovations as hand brakes, multi-speed transmissions, and better steering developed. Some were commercially successful in providing mass transit, until a backlash against these large speedy vehicles resulted in passing a law, the Locomotive Act, in 1865 requiring self-propelled vehicles on public roads in the United Kingdom be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. This effectively killed road auto development in the UK for most of the rest of the 19th century. as inventors and engineers shifted their efforts to improvements in railway locomotives. The law was not repealed until 1896, although the need for the red flag was removed in 1878.

In Russia in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin started working on a human-pedalled carriage with a steam engine. He finished working on it in 1791. Some of its features included a flywheel, brake, gearbox, and bearing, which are also the features of a modern automobile. His design had three roadwheels. Unfortunately, as with many of his inventions, the government failed to see the potential market and it was not developed further.[5][6]

The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789. In 1805, Evans demonstrated his first successful self-propelled vehicle, which not only was the first automobile in the USA, but was also the first amphibious vehicle, as his steam-powered vehicle was able to travel on roadwheels on land, and via a paddle wheel in the water.

Among other efforts, in 1815, a professor at Prague Polytechnich, Josef Bozek, built an oil-fired steam car.[7]:p.27 and Walter Hancock, builder and operator of London steam buses, in 1838 built a four-seat steam phaeton.[7]:p27 Steam car development would from them on continue, leading to significant advances by the early 1900's (see Edwardian Era car).

[edit] Electric automobiles
See also: History of the electric vehicle
In 1828, Ányos Jedlik, a Hungarian who invented an early type of electric motor, created a tiny model car powered by his new motor.[8] In 1834, Vermont blacksmith Thomas Davenport, the inventor of the first American DC electrical motor, installed his motor in a small model car, which he operated on a short circular electrified track.[9] In 1835, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker created a small-scale electrical car, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.[10] In 1838, Scotsman Robert Davidson built an electric locomotive that attained a speed of 4 miles per hour (6 km/h). In England, a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rail tracks as conductors of electric current, and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.

[edit] Internal combustion engines

1885-built Benz Patent Motorwagen, the first car to go into production with an internal combustion engine
1870, Vienna, Austria: world's first gasoline-run vehicle, the 'first Marcus car'
The second Marcus car of 1888 (Technical Museum Vienna)Early attempts at making and using internal combustion engines were hampered by the lack of suitable fuels, particularly liquids, and the earliest engines used gas mixtures.

Early experimenters using gases included, in 1806, Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz who built an internal combustion engine powered by a hydrogen and oxygen mixture, and in 1826, Englishman Samuel Brown who tested his hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine by using it to propel a vehicle up Shooter's Hill in south-east London. Belgian-born Etienne Lenoir's Hippomobile with a hydrogen-gas-fuelled one-cylinder internal combustion engine made a test drive from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont in 1860, covering some nine kilometres in about three hours.[11] A later version was propelled by coal gas. A Delamare-Deboutteville vehicle was patented and trialled in 1884.

About 1870, in Vienna, Austria (then the Austro-Hungarian Empire), inventor Siegfried Marcus put a liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man to propel a vehicle by means of gasoline. Today, this car is known as "the first Marcus car". In 1883, Marcus secured a German patent for a low-voltage ignition system of the magneto type; this was his only automotive patent. This design was used for all further engines, and the four-seat "second Marcus car" of 1888/89. This ignition, in conjunction with the "rotating-brush carburetor", made the second car's design very innovative.

It is generally acknowledged that the first really practical automobiles with petrol/gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously by several German inventors working independently: Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved - with the first long-distance trip in August 1888, from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back - that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.

Soon after, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited with invention of the first motorcycle in 1886, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi of the University of Padua, in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W) 122 cc (7.4 cu in) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first automobile, and first motorcycle;.[7]:p.26 Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.[7]:p.26

One of the first four-wheeled petrol-driven automobiles in Britain was built in Birmingham in 1895 by Frederick William Lanchester, who also patented the disc brake; and the first electric starter was installed on an Arnold, an adaptation of the Benz Velo, built between 1895 and 1898.[7]:p.25

In all the turmoil, many early pioneers are nearly forgotten. In 1891, John William Lambert built a three-wheeler in Ohio City, Ohio, which was destroyed in a fire the same year, while Henry Nadig constructed a four-wheeler in Allentown, Pennsylvania. It is likely they were not the only ones.[7]:p.25


[edit] Veteran era

The French 1898 Renault VoituretteThe first production of automobiles was by Karl Benz in 1888 in Germany and, under licence from Benz, in France by Emile Roger. There were numerous others, including tricycle builders Rudolf Egg, Edward Butler, and Léon Bollée.[7]:p.20-23 Bollée, using a 650 cc (40 cu in) engine of his own design, enabled his driver, Jamin, to average 45 kilometres per hour (28.0 mph) in the 1897 Paris-Tourville rally.[7]:p.23 By 1900, mass production of automobiles had begun in France and the United States. The first company formed exclusively to build automobiles was Panhard et Levassor in France, which also introduced the first four-cylinder engine.[7]:p.22 Formed in 1889, Panhard was quickly followed by Peugeot two years later. By the start of the 20th century, the automobile industry was beginning to take off in western Europe, especially in France, where 30,204 were produced in 1903, representing 48.8% of world automobile production that year.[12][citation needed]


The first automobile in Japan, a French Panhard-Levassor, in 1898
1903 World's Work ArticleIn the United States, brothers Charles and Frank Duryea founded the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1893, becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company. However, it was Ransom E. Olds and his Olds Motor Vehicle Company (later known as Oldsmobile) who would dominate this era of automobile production. Its large scale production line was running in 1902. Within a year, Cadillac (formed from the Henry Ford Company), Winton, and Ford were producing cars in the thousands.

Within a few years, a dizzying assortment of technologies were being produced by hundreds of producers all over the western world. Steam, electricity and petrol/gasoline-powered automobiles competed for decades, with petrol/gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Dual- and even quad-engine cars were designed, and engine displacement ranged to more than a dozen litres. Many modern advances, including gas/electric hybrids, multi-valve engines, overhead camshafts, and four-wheel drive, were attempted, and discarded at this time. In 1898, Louis Renault had a De Dion-Bouton modified, with fixed drive shaft and ring and pinion gear, making "perhaps the first hot rod in history" and bringing Renault and his brothers into the car industry.[13] Innovation was rapid and rampant, with no clear standards for basic vehicle architectures, body styles, construction materials, or controls. Many veteran cars use a tiller, rather than a wheel for steering, for example, and most operated at a single speed. Chain drive was dominant over the drive shaft, and closed bodies were extremely rare. Drum brakes were introduced by Renault in 1902.[14] The next year, Dutch designer Jacobus Spijker built the first four-wheel drive racing car;[15] it never competed and it would be 1965 and the Jensen FF before four wheel drive was used on a production car.[16]

Innovation was not limited to the vehicles themselves, either. Increasing numbers of cars propelled the growth of the petroleum industry,[17] as well as the development of technology to produce gasoline (replacing kerosene and coal oil) and of improvements in heat-tolerant mineral oil lubricants (replacing vegetable and animal oils).[18]

There were social effects, also. Music would be made about cars, such as "In My Merry Oldsmobile" (a tradition that continues) while, in 1896, William Jennings Bryan would be the first presidential candidate to campaign in a car (a donated Mueller), in Decatur, Illinois.[19] Three years later, Jacob German would start a tradition for New York City cabdrivers when he sped down Lexington Avenue, at the "reckless" speed of 12 mph (19 km/h).[20] Also in 1899, Akron, Ohio, adopted the first self-propelled paddy wagon.[20]


In My Merry Oldsmobile songbook featuring an Oldsmobile Curved Dash automobile (produced 1901-1907) and period driving clothingBy 1900, it was possible to talk about a national automotive industry in many countries, including Belgium (home to Vincke, which copied Benz; Germain, a pseudo-Panhard; and Linon and Nagant, both based on the Gobron-Brillié),[7]:p,25 Switzerland (led by Fritz Henriod, Rudolf Egg, Saurer, Johann Weber, and Lorenz Popp),[7]:p.25 Vagnfabrik AB in Sweden, Hammel (by A. F. Hammel and H. U. Johansen at Copenhagen, in Denmark, beginning around 1886),[7]:p.25 Irgens (starting in Bergen, Norway, in 1883, but without success),[7]:p.25-26 Italy (where FIAT started in 1899), and as far afield as Australia (where Pioneer set up shop in 1898, with an already archaic paraffin-fuelled centre-pivot-steered wagon).[7] Meanwhile, the export trade had begun to be global, with Koch exporting cars and trucks from Paris to Tunisia, Egypt, Iran, and the Dutch East Indies.[7]:p25

On 5 November 1895, George B. Selden was granted a United States patent for a two-stroke automobile engine (U.S. Patent 549,160). This patent did more to hinder than encourage development of autos in the USA. Selden licensed his patent to most major American auto makers, collecting a fee on every car they produced. The Studebaker brothers, having become the world's leading manufacturers of horse-drawn vehicles, made a transition to electric automobiles in 1902, and gasoline engines in 1904, but also continued to build horse-drawn vehicles until 1919.[21]:p.90 In 1908, the first South American automobile was built in Peru, the Grieve.[22] Motor cars were also exported very early to British colonies and the first motor car was exported to India in 1897.

Throughout the veteran car era, however, automobiles were seen as more of a novelty than a genuinely useful device. Breakdowns were frequent, fuel was difficult to obtain, roads suitable for travelling were scarce, and rapid innovation meant that a year-old car was nearly worthless. Major breakthroughs in proving the usefulness of the automobile came with the historic long-distance drive of Bertha Benz in 1888, when she travelled more than 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Mannheim to Pforzheim, to make people aware of the potential of the vehicles her husband, Karl Benz, manufactured, and after Horatio Nelson Jackson's successful trans-continental drive across the United States in 1903.


[edit] Brass or Edwardian era

T-model Ford car parked outside Geelong Library at its launch in Australia in 1915Main article: Brass Era car
Named for the widespread use of brass in the United States, the Brass (or Edwardian) Era lasted from roughly 1905 through to the beginning of World War I in 1914. 1905 was about the time when sales began shifting from the hobbyist and enthusiast to the average user.[citation needed]

Within the 15 years that make up this era, the various experimental designs and alternate power systems would be marginalised. Although the modern touring car had been invented earlier, it was not until Panhard et Levassor's Système Panhard was widely licensed and adopted that recognisable and standardised automobiles were created. This system specified front-engined, rear-wheel drive internal combustion engined cars with a sliding gear transmission. Traditional coach-style vehicles were rapidly abandoned, and buckboard runabouts lost favour with the introduction of tonneaus and other less-expensive touring bodies.


A Stanley Steamer racecar in 1903. In 1906, a similar Stanley Rocket set the world land speed record at 205.5km/h at Daytona Beach Road Course.By 1906, steam car development had advanced, and they were among the fastest road vehicles in that period.[23][not in citation given]

Throughout this era, development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included the electric ignition system (by dynamotor on the Arnold in 1898,[24] though Robert Bosch, 1903, tends to get the credit), independent suspension (actually conceived by Bollée in 1873),[24] and four-wheel brakes (by the Arrol-Johnston Company of Scotland in 1909).[7]:p27 Leaf springs were widely used for suspension, though many other systems were still in use, with angle steel taking over from armored wood as the frame material of choice. Transmissions and throttle controls were widely adopted, allowing a variety of cruising speeds, though vehicles generally still had discrete speed settings, rather than the infinitely variable system familiar in cars of later eras. Safety glass also made its debut, patented by John Wood in England in 1905.[14] (It would not become standard equipment until 1926, on a Rickenbacker.)[14]

Between 1907 and 1912 in the United States, the high-wheel motor buggy (resembling the horse buggy of before 1900) was in its heyday, with over seventy-five makers including Holsman (Chicago), IHC (Chicago), and Sears (which sold via catalog); the high-wheeler would be killed by the Model T.[7]:p.65 In 1912, Hupp (in the U.S., supplied by Hale & Irwin) and BSA (in the UK) pioneered the use of all-steel bodies,[25] joined in 1914 by Dodge (who produced Model T bodies).[14] While it would be another two decades before all-steel bodies would be standard, the change would mean improved supplies of superior-quality wood for furniture makers.[7]

Some examples of cars of the period included
1908–1927 Ford Model T — the most widely produced and available car of the era. It used a planetary transmission, and had a pedal-based control system.
1910 Mercer Raceabout — regarded as one of the first sports cars, the Raceabout expressed the exuberance of the driving public, as did the similarly-conceived American Underslung and Hispano-Suiza Alphonso.
1910–1920 Bugatti Type 13 — a notable racing and touring model with advanced engineering and design. Similar models were the Types 15, 17, 22, and 23.

[edit] Vintage era

1926 Austin 7 Box saloon
Lineup of Ford Model AsMain article: Vintage car
The vintage era lasted from the end of World War I (1919), through the Wall Street Crash at the end of 1929. During this period, the front-engined car came to dominate, with closed bodies and standardised controls becoming the norm. In 1919, 90% of cars sold were open; by 1929, 90% were closed.[7]:p.7 Development of the internal combustion engine continued at a rapid pace, with multi-valve and overhead camshaft engines produced at the high end, and V8, V12, and even V16 engines conceived for the ultra-rich. Also in 1919, hydraulic brakes were invented by Malcolm Loughead (co-founder of Lockheed); they were adopted by Duesenberg for their 1921 Model A.[14] Three years later, Hermann Rieseler of Vulcan Motor invented the first automatic transmission, which had two-speed planetary gearbox, torque converter, and lockup clutch; it never entered production.[14] (Its like would only become an available option in 1940.)[14] Just at the end of the vintage era, tempered glass (now standard equipment in side windows) was invented in France.[14]

Exemplary vintage vehicles:

1922–1939 Austin 7 — the Austin Seven was one of the most widely copied vehicles ever, serving as a template for cars around the world, from BMW to Nissan.
1924–1929 Bugatti Type 35 — the Type 35 was one of the most successful racing cars of all time, with over 1,000 victories in five years.
1922–1931 Lancia Lambda — very advanced car for the time, first car to feature a load-bearing monocoque-type body and independent front suspension.
1925–1928 Hanomag 2 / 10 PS — early example of ponton styling, without fully articulated fenders and running boards.
1927–1931 Ford Model A (1927-1931) — after keeping the brass era Model T in production for too long, Ford broke from the past by restarting its model series with the 1927 Model A. More than 4 million were produced, making it the best-selling model of the era.
1930 Cadillac V-16 — developed at the height of the vintage era, the V16-powered Cadillac would join Bugatti's Royale as the most legendary ultra-luxury cars of the era.

[edit] Pre-WWII era

Citroën Traction AvantMain article: Classic car
The pre-war part of the classic era began with the Great Depression in 1930, and ended with the recovery after World War II, commonly placed at 1948. It was in this period that integrated fenders and fully-closed bodies began to dominate sales, with the new saloon/sedan body style even incorporating a trunk or boot at the rear for storage. The old open-top runabouts, phaetons, and touring cars were phased out by the end of the classic era as wings, running boards, and headlights were gradually integrated with the body of the car.

By the 1930s, most of the mechanical technology used in today's automobiles had been invented, although some things were later "re-invented", and credited to someone else. For example, front-wheel drive was re-introduced by André Citroën with the launch of the Traction Avant in 1934, though it had appeared several years earlier in road cars made by Alvis and Cord, and in racing cars by Miller (and may have appeared as early as 1897). In the same vein, independent suspension was originally conceived by Amédée Bollée in 1873, but not put in production until appearing on the low-volume Mercedes-Benz 380 in 1933, which prodded American makers to use it more widely.[24] In 1930, the number of auto manufacturers declined sharply as the industry consolidated and matured, thanks in part to the effects of the Great Depression.

Exemplary pre-war automobiles:

1932–1939 Alvis Speed 20 and Speed 25 — the first cars with all-synchromesh gearbox.
1932–1948 Ford V-8 — introduction of the powerful flathead V8 in mainstream vehicles, setting new performance and efficiency standards.
1934–1940 Bugatti Type 57 — a singular refined automobile for the wealthy.
1934–1956 Citroën Traction Avant — the first mass-produced front-wheel drive car, built with monocoque chassis.
1936–1955 MG T series — sports cars with youth appeal at an affordable price.
1938–2003 Volkswagen Beetle — a design for efficiency and low price, which progressed over 60 years with minimal basic change.
1936–1939 Rolls-Royce Phantom III — V12 engined pinnacle of pre-war engineering, with technological advances not seen in most other manufacturers until the 1960s. Superior performance and quality.

[edit] Post-war era

1953 Morris Minor Series II
Jaguar E-type coupe
1985 MiniSee also: Antique car
Automobile design finally emerged from the shadow of World War II in 1949, the year that in the United States saw the introduction of high-compression V8 engines and modern bodies from General Motors' Oldsmobile and Cadillac brands. The unibody/strut-suspended 1951 Ford Consul joined the 1948 Morris Minor and 1949 Rover P4 in waking up the automobile market in the United Kingdom. In Italy, Enzo Ferrari was beginning his 250 series, just as Lancia introduced the revolutionary V6-powered Aurelia.

Throughout the 1950s, engine power and vehicle speeds rose, designs became more integrated and artful, and cars spread across the world. Alec Issigonis' Mini and Fiat's 500 diminutive cars swept Europe, while the similar kei car class put Japan on wheels for the first time. The legendary Volkswagen Beetle survived Hitler's Germany to shake up the small-car market in the Americas. Ultra luxury, exemplified in America by the Cadillac Eldorado Brougham, reappeared after a long absence, and grand tourers (GT), like the Ferrari Americas, swept across Europe.

The market changed somewhat in the 1960s, as Detroit began to worry about foreign competition, the European makers adopted ever-higher technology, and Japan appeared as a serious car-producing nation. General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford tried radical small cars, like the GM A-bodies, but had little success. Captive imports and badge engineering swept through the US and UK as amalgamated groups like the British Motor Corporation consolidated the market. BMC's revolutionary space-saving Mini, which first appeared in 1959, captured large sales worldwide. Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, until Mini became a marque in its own right in 1969.[26] The trend for corporate consolidation reached Italy as niche makers like Maserati, Ferrari, and Lancia were acquired by larger companies. By the end of the decade, the number of automobile marques had been greatly reduced.

In America, performance became a prime focus of marketing, exemplified by pony cars and muscle cars. In 1964 the popular Ford Mustang appeared. In 1967, Chevrolet released the Camaro to compete with the Mustang. But everything changed in the 1970s as the 1973 oil crisis, automobile emissions control rules, Japanese and European imports, and stagnant innovation wreaked havoc on the American industry. Though somewhat ironically, full-size sedans staged a major comeback in the years between the energy crisis, with makes such as Cadillac and Lincoln staging their best sales years ever in the late 70s. Small performance cars from BMW, Toyota, and Nissan took the place of big-engined cars from America and Italy.

On the technology front, the biggest developments of the era were the widespread use of independent suspensions, wider application of fuel injection, and an increasing focus on safety in the design of automobiles. The hottest technologies of the 1960s were NSU's "Wankel engine", the gas turbine, and the turbocharger. Of these, only the last, pioneered by General Motors but popularised by BMW and Saab, was to see widespread use. Mazda had much success with its "Rotary" engine which, however, acquired a reputation as a polluting gas-guzzler. Other Wankel licensees, including Mercedes-Benz and General Motors, never put their designs into production after the 1973 oil crisis. (Mazda's hydrogen-fuelled successor was later to demonstrate potential as an "ultimate eco-car".[27]) Rover and Chrysler both produced experimental gas turbine cars to no effect.


A so-called yank tank in Havana, CubaCuba is famous for retaining its pre-1959 cars, known as yank tanks or maquinas, which have been kept since the Cuban revolution when the influx of new cars slowed because of a US trade embargo.

Exemplary post-war cars:

1948–1971 Morris Minor — a popular, and typical post-war car exported around the world.
1959–2000 Mini — this quintessential small car lasted for four decades, and is one of the most famous cars of all time.
1961–1975 Jaguar E-type — the E-type saved Jaguar on the track and in the showroom, and was a standard for design and innovation in the 1960s.
1964–present Ford Mustang — the pony car that became one of the best-selling and most-collected cars of the era.
1969 Datsun 240Z — one of the first Japanese sports cars to be a smash hit with the North American public, it paved the way for future decades of Japanese strength in the automotive industry. It was affordable, well built, and had great success both on the track and in the showroom.

[edit] Modern era

The wedge profile of the 1967 NSU Ro 80 was often copied in subsequent decades[citation needed]The modern era is normally defined as the 25 years preceding the current year. However, there are some technical and design aspects that differentiate modern cars from antiques. Without considering the future of the car, the modern era has been one of increasing standardisation, platform sharing, and computer-aided design.

Some particularly notable advances in modern times are the widespread of front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive, the adoption of the diesel engine, and the ubiquity of fuel injection. While all of these advances were first attempted in earlier eras, they so dominate the market today that it is easy to overlook their significance. Nearly all modern passenger cars are front-wheel drive monocoque/unibody designs, with transversely-mounted engines, but this design was considered radical as late as the 1960s.

Body styles have changed as well in the modern era. Three types, the hatchback, minivan, and sport utility vehicle, dominate today's market,[citation needed] yet are relatively recent concepts. All originally emphasised practicality, but have mutated into today's high-powered luxury crossover SUV and sports wagon. The rise of pickup trucks in the United States, and SUVs worldwide has changed the face of motoring, with these "trucks" coming to command more than half of the world automobile market.

The modern era has also seen rapidly rising fuel efficiency and engine output. Once the automobile emissions concerns of the 1970s were conquered with computerised engine management systems, power began to rise rapidly. In the 1980s, a powerful sports car might have produced 200 horsepower (150 kW) – just 20 years later, average passenger cars have engines that powerful, and some performance models offer three times as much power.

Exemplary modern cars:

1966–present Toyota Corolla — a simple small Japanese saloon/sedan that has come to be the best-selling car of all time.
1967 NSU Ro 80 — the basic wedge profile of this design was much emulated in subsequent decades.[28]
1970–present Range Rover — the first take on the combination of luxury and four-wheel drive utility, the original 'SUV'. Such was the popularity of the original Range Rover Classic that a new model was not brought out until 1994.[29]
1973–present Mercedes-Benz S-Class — electronic Anti-lock Braking System, supplemental restraint airbags, seat belt pretensioners, and electronic traction control systems all made their debut on the S-Class. These features would later become standard throughout the car industry.
1975–present BMW 3 Series — the 3 Series has been on Car and Driver magazine's annual Ten Best list 17 times, making it the longest running entry in the list.
1977–present Honda Accord saloon/sedan — this Japanese sedan became the most popular car in the United States in the 1990s, pushing the Ford Taurus aside, and setting the stage for today's upscale Asian sedans.
1981–1989 Dodge Aries and Plymouth Reliant — the "K-cars" that saved Chrysler as a major manufacturer. These models were some of the first successful American front-wheel drive, fuel-efficient compact cars.
1983–present Chrysler minivans — the two-box minivan design nearly pushed the station wagon out of the market, and presaged today's crossover SUVs.
1986–present Ford Taurus — this mid-sized front-wheel drive sedan with modern computer-assisted design dominated the American market in the late 1980s, and created a design revolution in North America.
[edit] Future directions
Main article: Future car technologies
[edit] See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: History of the automobile
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Automobiles

History of the internal combustion engine
Automotive industry - information on current production and companies
[edit] References
1.^ Eckermann, Erik (2001). World History of the Automobile. SAE Press, p.14.
2.^ "1679-1681–R P Verbiest's Steam Chariot". History of the Automobile: origin to 1900. Hergé. http://translate.google.com/translate?h ... =translate. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
3.^ Setright, L. J. K. (2004). Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car. Granta Books. ISBN 1-86207-698-7.
4.^ C.D. Buchanan (1958). "1". Mixed Blessing: The Motor in Britain. Leonard Hill.
5.^ Russian webpage with drawings of Kulibin vehicle designs
6.^ Second Russian webpage with drawing
7.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Georgano, G.N. (1985). Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930. London: Grange-Universal.
8.^ B David Ferrel, History of the electric car: 1828 - 1912, from Trouve to Morrison, http://factoidz.com/history-of-the-elec ... -morrison/, retrieved July 18, 2009
9.^ Today in Technology History: July 6, The Center for the Study of Technology and Science, http://www.tecsoc.org/pubs/history/2001/jul6.htm, retrieved 2009-07-14
10.^ (in English - Dutch available) Sibrandus Stratingh (1785-1841), Professor of Chemistry and Technology, University of Groningen, http://www.rug.nl/museum/geschiedenis/h ... /stratingh, retrieved 2009-04-24
11.^ Data on the Hippomobile and hydrogen/fuel cells from TÜV SÜD Industrie Service GmbH
12.^ Lien web|url=http://www.crucean.com/timeline.html#19 ... e=American Motorsports Timeline|site=crucean.com}}
13.^ Yates, Brock. "10 Best Moguls", in Car and Driver, 1/88, p.47.
14.^ a b c d e f g h Csere, Csaba (January 1988). "10 Best Engineering Breakthroughs". Car and Driver 33 (7) , p. 62.
15.^ Lyons, Pete. "10 Best Ahead-of-Their-Time Machines", in Car and Driver, 1/88, p.77.
16.^ Lyons, p.78.
17.^ Csere, pp. 60-61.
18.^ Csere, p. 60.
19.^ Lewis, Mary Beth. "Ten Best First Facts", in Car and Driver, 1/88, p.92.
20.^ a b Lewis, p.92.
21.^ Longstreet, Stephen. A Century on Wheels: The Story of Studebaker. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 121. 1st edn., 1952.
22.^ "» The first Peruvian car …en Perú – Travel Culture History News". Enperublog.com. 2009-05-07. http://enperublog.com/2009/05/07/the-fi ... uvian-car/. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
23.^ Stanley Steamers amongst fastest road vehicles around 1906-1911
24.^ a b c Csere, p. 61.
25.^ Csere, p. 63.
26.^ Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945-1970, 1986
27.^ Hydrogen and the Rotary Engine on Mazda Global Website
28.^ Hevesi D Claus Luthe, Car Design Innovator, Is Dead at 75New York Times, 10 April 2008
29.^ Buckley M Used Car Buying Guide: Range Rover Channel 4 (UK) 24 Jan 2005
[edit] Further reading
Berger, Michael L., The automobile in American history and culture: a reference guide, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. ISBN 978-0-313-24558-9
Halberstam, David, The Reckoning, New York : Morrow, 1986. ISBN 0-688-04838-2
Kay, Jane Holtz, Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back, New York : Crown Publishers, 1997. ISBN 0-517-58702-5
Krarup, M. C. (November 1906). "Automobiles for Every Use". The World's Work: A History of Our Time XIII: 8163–8178. http://books.google.com/?id=3IfNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8163. Retrieved 2009-07-10. Includes photos of many c.1906 special purpose automobiles.
Norman, Henry (April 1902). "The Coming of the Automobile". The World's Work: A History of Our Time V: 3304–3308. http://books.google.com/?id=DoDNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3304. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
[edit] External links
Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz, Ladenburg/Germany
Bertha Benz Memorial Route
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Transportation photographs Digital collection depicting various modes of transportation (including automobiles) in the Pacific Northwest region and western USA during the first half of the 20th century.
History of the automobile on About.com:Inventors site
Automotive History - An ongoing photographic history of the automobile.
Taking the Wheel, Manufacturers' catalogs from the first decade of American automobiles
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

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War and Peace! :hi


Context

L ev (Leo) nikolaevich tolstoy was born into a large and wealthy Russian landowning family in 1828, on the family estate of Yasnaya Polyana. Tolstoy’s mother died when he was only two years old, and he idealized her memory throughout his life. Indeed, many critics believe that the angelic Princess Mary in War and Peace is modeled on this idealized memory of the author’s mother. The family moved to Moscow when Tolstoy was nine. Shortly afterward, his father was murdered while traveling. Being orphaned before the age of ten, albeit without financial worries, left Tolstoy with an acute awareness of the power of death—an idea central to all his great works.

Though an intelligent child, Tolstoy had little interest in academics. His aunt had to work hard to persuade him to go to university, and he failed his entrance exam on his first attempt. Eventually, at the age of sixteen, Tolstoy matriculated at Kazan University. He studied law and Oriental languages, showing an interest in the grand heroic cultures of Persia, Turkey, and the Caucasus that persisted throughout his life. He was not popular at the university, and was very self-conscious about his large nose and thick eyebrows. Ultimately, Tolstoy was dissatisfied with his education, and he left the university in 1847, without a degree.

In 1851, Tolstoy visited his brother in the Russian army and then decided to enlist himself shortly afterward. He served in the Crimean War (1854–1856) and recorded his experience in his Sevastopol Stories (1855), in which he developed techniques of representing military actions and deaths that he would later use in War and Peace. During his time in the army, Tolstoy produced a well-received autobiographical novel, Childhood (1852), followed by two others, Boyhood (1854) and Youth (1857).

In 1862, Tolstoy married Sofya Andreevna Behrs. He devoted most of the next two decades to raising a large family, managing his estate, and writing his two greatest novels, War and Peace (1865–1869) and Anna Karenina (1875–1877). In the years just prior to his marriage, Tolstoy had visited western Europe, partly to observe educational methods abroad. Upon returning, he founded and taught at schools for his peasants. His contact with his own peasants led to a heightened appreciation of their morality, camaraderie, and enjoyment of life, as evidenced in his celebration of Platon Karataev in War and Peace. Indeed, Tolstoy became quite critical of the superficiality of upper class Russians, as we can sense in his portraits of the Kuragin family in War and Peace. Ultimately, Tolstoy developed a desire to seek spiritual regeneration by renouncing his family’s possessions, much to the dismay of his long-suffering wife.

Tolstoy’s life spanned a period of intense development for Russia. The country was transformed from a backward agricultural economy into a major industrialized world power by the time of Tolstoy’s death in 1910. This period witnessed major debates between two intellectual groups in Russia: the Slavophiles, who believed Russian culture and institutions to be exceptional and superior to European culture, and the Westernizers, who believed that Russia needed to follow more liberal, Western modes of thought and government. We see traces of this debate about the destiny of Russia—whether it should join Europe in its march toward secular values and scientific thought, or reject modernization and cherish the traditional, Asiatic elements of its culture—in Nicholas Rostov’s dismissal of modern Western farming techniques in War and Peace and his distinctly Russian style of land management. We also see this debate in the novel’s contrast between the logical Western mind of the arrogant Napoleon and the more holistic and humanitarian Russian minds of Pierre and Kutuzov. During this time, Russia was also undergoing a crisis of political thought, with a series of authoritarian tsars provoking liberal and radical intellectuals who demanded European constitutional rights—or even revolution—in Russia. Tolstoy’s critical portrayal of leadership in War and Peace owes much to the Russian liberals’ attack on authoritarian politics.

Tolstoy’s turn to religion in his own life left an imprint on all his later writings. Works such as A Confession (1882) and The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1893) focused on the biblical Gospels’ ideals of brotherly love and nonresistance to evil. The character of Pierre in War and Peace illustrates Tolstoy’s moral commitment to humanity in a way that transcends class and nationality. Developing a reputation as a prophet of social thought, Tolstoy attracted disciples who came to his estate at Yasnaya Polyana seeking out his wisdom.

In 1898, Tolstoy published a radical essay called What Is Art?, in which he argued that the sole aim of great art must be moral instruction, and that on these grounds Shakespeare’s plays and even Tolstoy’s own novels are artistic failures. Increasingly frustrated by the disparity between his personal moral philosophy and his wealth, and by his frequent quarrels with his wife, Tolstoy secretly left home in November 1910, at the age of eighty-two. He fell ill with pneumonia during his travels and died several days later in a faraway railway station. Tolstoy was mourned by admirers and followers around the world, and to this day is regarded as one of the greatest novelists in history.
A Note on Russian Names

To English-speaking readers, the names of the characters in War and Peace may be somewhat confusing, as there are a number of name-related conventions in Russian that do not exist in English.

Each Russian has a first name, a patronymic, and a surname. A person’s patronymic consists of his or her father’s first name accompanied by a suffix meaning “son of” or “daughter of.” Hence, Princess Drubetskaya is addressed as Anna Mikhaylovna (daughter of Mikhail), Count Bezukhov is called Kyril Vladimirovich (son of Vladimir), and so on. Characters in the novel frequently address each other in this formal manner, using both the first name and patronymic.

When characters do not address each other formally, they may use informal nicknames, or diminutives. Sometimes, these nicknames bear little resemblance to the characters’ full names. For instance, Nicholas is sometimes called Kolya (the standard nickname for Nicholas or Nikolai); Natasha is sometimes called Natalya (her full name, for which Natasha is the diminutive).

Furthermore, surnames in Russian take on both masculine and feminine forms. In War and Peace, for instance, Andrew’s surname is Bolkonski, while his sister Mary’s surname takes the feminine form, Bolkonskaya. Likewise, Count Rostov is married to Countess Rostova, and their sons have the surname Rostov while their daughters have the surname Rostova.

Keeping these conventions in mind helps to distinguish characters as they are addressed by different names throughout the novel. However, the use of these conventions varies in different editions of War and Peace, as some translators choose to simplify or eliminate name variants in order to make the novel more accessible to an English-speaking audience.
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by Digspeed »

All about Wheels! :h6


A wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on an axle through its centre, facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load (mass), or performing labour in machines. Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel, together with an axle overcomes friction by facilitating motion by rolling. In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity, or by application of another external force. More generally the term is also used for other circular objects that rotate or turn, such as a ship's wheel, steering wheel and flywheel.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
o 2.1 Timeline
* 3 Mechanics and function
o 3.1 Stability
* 4 Alternatives
* 5 In symbology
* 6 Gallery
* 7 See also
* 8 References

[edit] Etymology

The English word wheel comes from the Old English word hƿēol,[1] which comes from the Proto-Indo-European *kwekwlo-,[2] which was an extended form of the root *kwel- meaning "to revolve, move around". This is also the root of the Greek κυκλος kuklos, "wheel", the Sanskrit chakra, Persian charkh, and Old Church Slavonic коло, all meaning "circle" or "wheel",[3] and also in Lithuanian, sukti means "to rotate". The Latin word rota is from the Proto-Indo-European *rotā-, the extended o-grade form of the root *ret- meaning "to roll, revolve".[4]
[edit] History
A depiction of an onager-drawn cart on the Sumerian "battle standard of Ur" (circa 2500 BCE)

Evidence of wheeled vehicles appears from the mid 4th millennium BCE, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe, and so the question of which culture originally invented the wheeled vehicle remains unresolved and under debate. The earliest well-dated depiction of a wheeled vehicle (here a wagon—four wheels, two axles), is on the Bronocice pot, a ca. 3500–3350 BCE clay pot excavated in a Funnelbeaker culture settlement in southern Poland.[5]

The wheeled vehicle from the area of its first occurrence (Mesopotamia, Caucasus, Balkans, Central Europe) spread across Eurasia, reaching the Indus Valley by the 3rd millennium BCE. During the 2nd millennium BCE, the spoke-wheeled chariot spread at an increased pace, reaching both China and Scandinavia by 1200 BCE. In China, the wheel was certainly present with the adoption of the chariot in ca. 1200 BCE,[6] although Barbieri-Low[7] argues for earlier Chinese wheeled vehicles, circa 2000 BCE.

Although they did not develop the wheel proper, the Olmec and certain other western hemisphere cultures seem to have approached it, as wheel-like worked stones have been found on objects identified as children's toys dating to about 1500 BCE.[8] Early antiquity Nubians used wheels for spinning pottery and waterwheels.[9][10] It is thought that Nubian waterwheels may have been ox-driven[11] It is also known that Nubians used horse-driven chariots imported from Egypt.[12]

The invention of the wheel thus falls in the late Neolithic, and may be seen in conjunction with the other technological advances that gave rise to the early Bronze Age. Note that this implies the passage of several wheel-less millennia even after the invention of agriculture and of pottery:

* 9500–6500 BCE: Aceramic Neolithic
* 6500–4500 BCE: Ceramic Neolithic (Halafian)
* ca. 4500 BCE: invention of the potter's wheel, beginning of the Chalcolithic (Ubaid period)
* 4500–3300 BCE: Chalcolithic, earliest wheeled vehicles, domestication of the horse
* 3300–2200 BCE: Early Bronze Age
* 2200–1550 BCE: Middle Bronze Age, invention of the spoked wheel and the chariot

Wide usage of the wheel was probably delayed because smooth roads were needed for wheels to be effective. Carrying goods on the back would have been the preferred method of transportation over surfaces that contained many obstacles. The lack of developed roads prevented wide adoption of the wheel for transportation until well into the 20th century in less developed areas.

Early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for the axle. Because of the structure of wood a horizontal slice of a trunk is not suitable, as it does not have the structural strength to support weight without collapsing; rounded pieces of longitudinal boards are required. The oldest known example of a wooden wheel and its axle were found in 2003 at Ljubljana Marshes some 20 km south of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. According to experts it is between 5,100 and 5,350 years old.[13]

The spoked wheel was invented more recently, and allowed the construction of lighter and swifter vehicles. The earliest known examples are in the context of the Andronovo culture, dating to ca 2000 BCE. Soon after this, horse cultures of the Caucasus region used horse-drawn spoked-wheel war chariots for the greater part of three centuries. They moved deep into the Greek peninsula where they joined with the existing Mediterranean peoples to give rise, eventually, to classical Greece after the breaking of Minoan dominance and consolidations led by pre-classical Sparta and Athens. Celtic chariots introduced an iron rim around the wheel in the 1st millennium BCE. The spoked wheel had been in continued use without major modification until the 1870s, when wire wheels and pneumatic tires were invented.[14]

The invention of the wheel has also been important for technology in general, important applications including the water wheel, the cogwheel (see also antikythera mechanism), the spinning wheel, and the astrolabe or torquetum. More modern descendants of the wheel include the propeller, the jet engine, the flywheel (gyroscope) and the turbine.
[edit] Timeline

Bronze Age disk wheel as depicted on the Standard of Ur (ca. 2500 BCE)


Classical Greek four-spoked chariot-wheel (as a Linear B glyph), in use from the 15th century BCE. Hittite and Egyptian chariots tended to have six spokes, Iron Age Assyrian ones eight.


Bronze Age "wheel pendants" of the Urnfield culture (ca. 1200 BCE), found in Zürich (Swiss National Museum)


An Early Iron Age spoked wheel from Choqa Zanbil (ca. 1000 BCE, National Museum of Iran)

Wheel of the Etruscan chariot (ca. 530 BCE)


The classic spoked wheel with hub and iron rim, in use from about 500 BC (Iron Age Europe) until the 20th centry AD


Penny-farthing bicycle (1882)


Modern motorcycle alloy wheel with inflatable tire and disc brake

Michelin's "Tweel" airless tyre (2005)
[edit] Mechanics and function

The wheel is a device that enables efficient movement of an object across a surface where there is a force pressing the object to the surface. Common examples are a cart pulled by a horse, and the rollers on an aircraft flap mechanism.

Wheels are used in conjunction with axles, either the wheel turns on the axle, or the axle turns in the object body. The mechanics are the same in either case.

The low resistance to motion (compared to dragging) is explained as follows (refer to friction):

* the normal force at the sliding interface is the same.
* the sliding distance is reduced for a given distance of travel.
* the coefficient of friction at the interface is usually lower.

Bearings are used to help reduce friction at the interface. In the simplest and oldest case the bearing is just a round hole through which the axle passes (a "plain bearing").

Example:

* If dragging a 100 kg object for 10 m along a surface with the coefficient of friction μ = 0.5, the normal force is 981 N and the work done (required energy) is (work=force x distance) 981 × 0.5 × 10 = 4905 joules.
* Now give the object 4 wheels. The normal force between the 4 wheels and axles is the same (in total) 981 N, assume, for wood, μ = 0.25, and say the wheel diameter is 1000 mm and axle diameter is 50 mm. So while the object still moves 10 m the sliding frictional surfaces only slide over each other a distance of 0.5 m. The work done is 981 × 0.25 × 0.5 = 123 joules; the friction is reduced to 1/25 of that of dragging.

Additional energy is lost from the wheel-to-road interface. This is termed rolling resistance which is predominantly a deformation loss.

A wheel can also offer advantages in traversing irregular surfaces if the wheel radius is sufficiently large compared to the irregularities.

The wheel alone is not a machine, but when attached to an axle in conjunction with bearing, it forms the wheel and axle, one of the simple machines. A driven wheel is an example of a wheel and axle. Note that wheels pre-date driven wheels by about 6000 years.
[edit] Stability
Static stability of a wheeled vehicle

For unarticulated wheels, climbing obstacles will cause the body of the vehicle to rotate. If the rotation angle is too high, the vehicle will become statically unstable and tip over. At high speeds, a vehicle can become dynamically unstable, able to be tipped over by an obstacle smaller than its static stability limit. Without articulation, this can be an impossible position from which to recover.

For front-to-back stability, the maximum height of an obstacle which an unarticulated wheeled vehicle can climb is a function of the wheelbase and the horizontal and vertical position of the center of mass (CM).

The critical angle is the angle at which the center of mass of the vehicle begins to pass outside of the contact points of the wheels. Past the critical angle, the reaction forces at the wheels can no longer counteract the moment created by the vehicle's weight, and the vehicle will tip over. At the critical angle, the vehicle is marginally stable. The critical angle θcrit can be found by solving the equation:

\theta_{crit} = \tan^{-1} \left ( \frac {x_{cm} + r \sin \theta_{crit}} {y_{cm} + r \sin \theta_{crit}} \right )

where

r is the radius of the wheels;
xcm is the horizontal distance of the center of mass from the rear axle; and
ycm is the vertical distance of the center of mass from the axles.

For small wheels, this formula can be simplified to:

\theta_{crit} = \tan^{-1} \left ( \frac {x_{cm}} {y_{cm}} \right )

The maximum height h of an obstacle can be found by the equation:

\ h = w \sin \theta_{crit}

where w is the wheelbase.
In the Unicode computer standard, the Dharmacakra is called the "Wheel of Dharma" and found in the eight-spoked form. It is represented as U+2638 (☸)
[edit] Alternatives

While wheels are used for ground transport very widely, there are alternatives, some of which are suitable for terrain where wheels are ineffective. Alternative methods for ground transport without wheels (wheel-less transport) include:

* Being raised by electromagnetic energy (maglev train and other vehicles)
* Dragging with runners (sled) or without (travois)
* Being raised by air pressure (hovercraft)
* Riding an animal such as a horse
* Human powered:
o Walking on one's own legs
o Being carried (litter/sedan chair or stretcher)
* A walking machine
* Caterpillar tracks (although it is still operated by wheels)
* Spheres, as used by Dyson vacuum cleaners and hamster balls

[edit] In symbology
The Romani flag
The flag of Mahl Kshatriyas

The wheel has also become a strong cultural and spiritual metaphor for a cycle or regular repetition (see chakra, reincarnation, Yin and Yang among others). As such and because of the difficult terrain, wheeled vehicles were forbidden in old Tibet.

The winged wheel is a symbol of progress, seen in many contexts including the coat of arms of Panama and the logo of the Ohio State Highway Patrol.

The introduction of spoked (chariot) wheels in the Middle Bronze Age appear to have carried somewhat of a prestige. The solar wheel appears to have a significance in Bronze Age religion, replacing the earlier concept of a Solar barge with the more "modern" and technologically advanced solar chariot.

The wheel is also the prominent figure on the flag of India. The wheel in this case represents law (dharma). It also appears in the flag of the Romani people, hinting to their nomadic history and their Indian origins. The wheel can also appears in the flag of Mahl Kshatiyas Kings (kattiri buvana maha radun).

In recent times, the custom aftermarket car/automobile roadwheel has become a status symbol. These wheels are often incorrectly referred to as "rims". The term "rim" is incorrect because the rim is only the outer portion of a wheel (where the tire is mounted), just as with a coffee cup or meteor crater. These "rims" have a great deal of variation, and are often highly polished and very shiny. Some custom "rims" include a bearing-mounted, free-spinning disc which continues to rotate by inertia after the automobile is stopped. In slang, these are referred to as "Spinners".
[edit] Gallery

A driving wheel on a steam locomotive


0 Series Shinkansen wheel


A pair of wheels on a cart

An automobile wheel (1980's)


Training wheels are used to help the learner cope with instability of the two-wheel vehicle at low speeds.


Flanged railway wheel
[edit] See also

* Alloy wheel
* Artillery wheel
* Axle
* Bicycle wheel
* Big wheel
* Breaking wheel, a form of torture
* Caster
* Color wheel
* Pressed Steel wheel
* Driving wheel
* Ferris wheel
* Magnetic levitation
* Mansell wheel
* Mecanum wheel
* Omni wheel
* Reinventing the wheel



* Rim
* Rolling resistance, r. friction, r. drag
* Rotation in living systems
* Ship's wheel
* Simple machine
* Square wheel
* Steering wheel
* Tire
* Tweel
* Wagon-wheel effect
* Wheelbarrow
* Wheel and axle
* Wheel sizing
* Wire wheels
* Wheel of Fortune
* Wheelset (rail transport)
* [cd]
* Terrestrial locomotion in animals: Rolling

[edit] References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wheels
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Automobile wheels

1. ^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=wheel
2. ^ "wheel". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=wheel.
3. ^ kwel-1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000
4. ^ ret- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000
5. ^ Anthony, David A. (2007). The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-691-05887-3.
6. ^ Dyer, Gwynne, War: the new edition, p. 159: Vintage Canada Edition, Randomhouse of Canada, Toronto, ON
7. ^ Barbieri-Low, Anthony , Wheeled Vehicles in the Chinese Bronze Age (c. 2000-741 b.c.), Sino-Platonic Papers, February 2000
8. ^ Ekholm, Gordon F (1945). "Wheeled Toys in Mexico". American Antiquity 11.
9. ^ CRAFTS; Uncovering Treasures of Ancient Nubia; New York Times
10. ^ Ancient Sudan: (aka Kush & Nubia) City of Meroe (4th B.C. to 325 A.D.)
11. ^ What the Nubians Ate
12. ^ The Cambridge History of Africa
13. ^ Alexander Gasser (March 2003). "World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia". Government Communication Office of the Republic of Slovenia. http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/ba ... _slovenia/. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
14. ^ bookrags.com – Wheel and axle

[hide]
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Allan · Baker · Bagnall-Price · Baguley · Bulleid · Caprotti · Gooch · Gresley · Joy · Kuhn slide · Lentz · Southern · Stephenson · Walschaerts
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by Digspeed »

Nose-picking :nono
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Nose-picking
Classification and external resources

A man picking his nose
ICD-10 F98.8

Nose-picking is the act of extracting dried nasal mucus or foreign bodies from the nose with a finger. Despite being a very common habit, it is a mildly taboo activity in most cultures,[original research?] and the observation of the activity in another person commonly provokes mixed feelings of disgust and amusement[where?].[1]
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Prevalence
* 2 Rhinotillexomania
* 3 Medical risks
* 4 Health benefits
* 5 Cultural references
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

Prevalence

Nose-picking is an extremely common habit, with some surveys indicating that it is almost universal, with people picking their nose an average of about four times a day.[2] A 1995 study into nose picking, requesting information from 1,000 randomly selected adults, gathered 254 respondents. It defined nose-picking as "the insertion of a finger (or other object) into the nose with the intention of removing dried nasal secretions". Of those who responded, 91% said they were current nose pickers (but only 75% of these believed everyone did it) and two people claimed to spend between 15 to 30 minutes and one to two hours a day picking their nose.[3]

Mucous membranes in the nasal cavity constantly produce a wet mucus that removes dust and pathogens from the air flowing through the cavity. For the most part, the cilia that also line the cavity work to move the mucus toward the throat where it can be swallowed. However, not all the mucus stays fluid enough to be moved by the cilia. The closer the mucus is to the nostril opening, the more moisture it loses to the outside air, and the more likely it is to dry out and become stuck. Once dried, the mucus typically causes a sensation of irritation that leads to the compulsion to dislodge the itch by picking.

In many cultures[which?] nose-picking is considered a private act akin to defecation, urination, flatulence, and belching. Mucophagy, the act of eating the extracted mucus, may be considered more taboo, and is sometimes portrayed in comedies. To be caught nose-picking may be considered humiliating.
Rhinotillexomania

A very common habit, nose-picking can or may be used as a body-focused repetitive behavior or obsessive compulsive disorder, which can become a medical issue called rhinotillexomania[4][5][6][7]. Most cases do not meet this pathological threshold.[3]
Medical risks

Nose-picking may carry a number of medical risks, thus some[weasel words] doctors recommend against it and encourage the use of a tissue instead.[8] Risks may include an increase in the diversity of nose flora,[9] occasional nosebleeds (in 25% of those who pick their nose, considering that most of the population picks their nose occasionally)[2] and in rare cases perforation of the nasal septum or self-induced ethmoidectomy.[10] Nose picking, however, should not affect the sense of smell, as the nasal cavity where the olfactory nerves are located is too high up to reach. Also, due to the special nature of the blood supply to the nose and surrounding area, it is possible for retrograde infections from the nasal area to spread to the brain, although this scenario is unlikely to arise from normal rhinotillexis.[citation needed] For this reason, the area from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose, including the nose and maxilla, is known to doctors as the "danger triangle of the face".[citation needed]
Health benefits

Friedrich Bischinger, a lung specialist at Privatklinik Hochrum in Innsbruck,[11] claims that nose-picking combined with nasal mucus eating is beneficial for the immune system.[12][13]
Cultural references

A popular saying in many English-speaking countries is, "You can pick your friends, and you can pick your nose, but you can't pick your friend's nose." An unusual popular culture reference may be found in the 1968 Mothers of Invention song "Let's Make The Water Turn Black". The song tells a true story of an adolescent acquaintance of composer Frank Zappa who habitually saved his own extracted mucus on the pane of his bedroom window.[14]
See also

* Dried nasal mucus
* Hygiene
* Nasal irrigation

References

1. ^ Hemenover, Scott H.; Ulrich Schimmack (August 2007). "That's disgusting! …, but very amusing: Mixed feelings of amusement and disgust". Cognition & Emotion 21 (5): 1102–1113. doi:10.1080/02699930601057037
2. ^ a b Andrade, Chittaranjan; B. S. Srihari (2001). "A preliminary survey of rhinotillexomania in an adolescent sample". The Journal of clinical psychiatry 62 (6): 426–31. PMID 11465519. Reviewed in:
* Abrahams, Marc (2008-08-19). "Why teenagers get right up your nose". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/200 ... reducation. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
* Abrahams, Marc (2003). "Nose Picking in Adolescents". The Ig Nobel prizes: the annals of improbable research. New York City: E. P. Dutton. pp. 19–22. ISBN 0-525-94753-1. OCLC 52092050.
3. ^ a b Jefferson, James W.; Trevor D. B. Thompson (1995). "Rhinotillexomania: psychiatric disorder or habit?". The Journal of clinical psychiatry 56 (2): 56–9. PMID 7852253.
4. ^ Medical papers at PubMed
5. ^ Fontenelle, L. F.; M. V. Mendlowicz, T. C. Mussi, C. Marques and M. Versiani (December 2002). "The man with the purple nostrils: a case of rhinotrichotillomania secondary to body dysmorphic disorder". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 106 (6): 464–6; discussion 466. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.01463.x. PMID 12392491.
6. ^ AAMFT Consumer Update - Hair Pulling, Skin Picking and Biting: Body-Focused Repetitive Disorders, American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy
7. ^ Etymology: from Greek rhino- "nose" + τίλλειν - tillein "to pull" + exo "out" (or according to an alternative analysis, from Neolatin tillexis "habit of picking" from Greek tillein and hexis "habit") + mania.
8. ^ "What's a Booger?". KidsHealth. http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/yucky/booger.html.
9. ^ Wertheim, Heiman F. L.; Menno van Kleef, Margreet C. Vos, Alewijn Ott, Henri A. Verbrugh and Wytske Fokkens (August 2006). "Nose picking and nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 27 (8): 863–7. doi:10.1086/506401. PMID 16874648. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/ab ... lm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
10. ^ Caruso, Ronald D.; Richard G. Sherry, Arthur E. Rosenbaum, Stephen E. Joy, Ja Kwei Chang, and Douglas M. Sanford (1997). "Self-induced ethmoidectomy from rhinotillexomania". American Journal of Neuroradiology 18 (10): 1949–50. PMID 9403460. http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view ... id=9403460. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
11. ^ "Dr. Bischinger Friedrich: Lungenkrankheiten" (in German). Privatklinik Hochrum. http://www.privatklinik-hochrum.com/de_ ... edrich.php. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
12. ^ "Top doc backs picking your nose and eating it". Ananova. http://web.archive.org/web/200502062035 ... 03083.html. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
13. ^ Bankhofer, Hademar (2007). "Nasenbohren" (in German). Gesundheit kennt keine Tabus. München: Südwest. pp. 10–15. ISBN 978-3-517-08373-5. OCLC 185006183. http://www.randomhouse.de/content/editi ... /16222.pdf. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
14. ^ Zappa, Frank; Peter Occhiogrosso (1989). "Boogers from Hell". The Real Frank Zappa Book. New York City: Poseidon Press. pp. 85–87. ISBN 0-671-70572-5. OCLC 43484351.

External links
Look up nose-picking in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Nose-picking

* BBC home: The Truth About Nose-picking
* Toddlers and Nose Picking
* Adams, Cecil (1982-08-20). "Can you die from picking your nose?". The Straight Dope. http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_270b.html. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
* Ilori, Kemi (2007-06-19). "Nose Picking: The interesting and funny habit". The Daily Sun. http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/f ... 07-004.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
* "Man dies from picking his nose". The Daily Telegraph. 2008-12-05. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/ ... -nose.html. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
* (In fact) Nose-picking favorite occupation of the Dutch (March 2007) (Dutch) Translated version
* Another article on same topic (August 2008) (Dutch) Translated version
* For an elaborate spoof, see "Nose-picking in the Pongidae and Its Implication for Human Evolution", said to be from the American Journal of Nasal Anatomy, (1987)
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Flatulence :booty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Flatulence
The Papal Belvedere.jpg

German peasants greet the fire and brimstone from a papal bull of Pope Paul III in Martin Luther's 1545 Depictions of the Papacy.
Play sound
Frt755 1.ogg
Audible flatulence in a human.

Flatulence is the expulsion through the rectum of a mixture of gases that are byproducts of the digestion process of mammals and other animals. The mixture of gases is known as flatus, (informally) fart, or simply gas, and is expelled from the rectum in a process colloquially referred to as "passing gas", "breaking wind" or "farting". Flatus is brought to the rectum by the same peristaltic process which causes feces to descend from the large intestine. The noises commonly associated with flatulence are caused by the vibration of the anal sphincter, and occasionally by the closed buttocks.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Composition of flatus
* 2 Physiology
* 3 Causes
* 4 Remedies
o 4.1 Dietary
o 4.2 Pharmacological
o 4.3 Post-release
* 5 Health effects
* 6 Society and culture
o 6.1 Environmental impact
o 6.2 Farting at will
* 7 See also
* 8 References
o 8.1 Bibliography
o 8.2 Notes
* 9 External links

[edit] Composition of flatus

Nitrogen, the main constituent of air, is the primary gas released during flatulence, along with carbon dioxide, which is present in higher quantities in those who drink carbonated beverages regularly. The lesser component gases methane and hydrogen are flammable, and so flatus containing adequate amounts of these, can be ignited. However, not all humans produce flatus that contains methane. For example, in one study of the feces of nine adults, only five of the samples contained archaea capable of producing methane.[1] Similar results are found in samples of gas obtained from within the rectum.

The gas released during a flatus event frequently has an unpleasant odor. For many years, this was thought to be due to skatole and indole, which are byproducts of the digestion of meat. However, gas chromatography testing in 1984 revealed that sulfur-containing compounds, such as methanethiol, hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell) and dimethyl sulfide, were also[2] responsible for the smell.[3]

The incidence of odoriferous compounds in flatulence emissions increases from herbivores, such as cattle, through omnivores to carnivorous species, such as cats.[citation needed] Such odor can also be caused by the presence of large numbers of microflora bacteria and/or the presence of feces in the rectum.

The major components of the flatus, which are odorless, by percentage are:[4]

* Nitrogen: 20–90%
* Hydrogen: 0–50%
* Carbon dioxide: 10–30%
* Oxygen: 0–10%
* Methane: 0–10%

[edit] Physiology

Flatus is brought to the rectum by the same process which causes feces to descend from the large intestine (see peristaltic movement), and may cause a similar feeling of urgency and discomfort. Nerve endings in the rectum usually enable individuals to distinguish between flatus and feces,[5] although loose stool can confuse the individual, occasionally resulting in accidental defecation.

The sound varies depending on the tightness of the sphincter muscle and velocity of the gas being propelled, as well as other factors, such as water and body fat. The auditory pitch (sound) of the flatulence outburst can also be affected by the anal embouchure. Among humans, flatulence occasionally happens accidentally, such as incidentally to coughing or sneezing or during orgasm; on other occasions, flatulence can be voluntarily elicited by tensing the rectum or "bearing down" on stomach or bowel muscles and subsequently relaxing the anal sphincter, resulting in the expulsion of flatus.
[edit] Causes

Intestinal gas is composed of varying quantities of exogenous sources (air that is ingested through the nose and mouth) and endogenous sources (gas produced within the digestive tract). The exogenous gases are swallowed (aerophagia) when eating or drinking or increased swallowing during times of excessive salivation (as might occur when nauseated or as the result of gastroesophageal reflux disease). The endogenous gases are produced either as a by-product of digesting certain types of food, or of incomplete digestion. Anything that causes food to be incompletely digested by the stomach and/or small intestine may cause flatulence when the material arrives in the large intestine, due to fermentation by yeast or prokaryotes normally or abnormally present in the gastrointestinal tract.

Flatulence-producing foods are typically high in certain polysaccharides, (especially oligosaccharides such as inulin). Those foods include beans, lentils, dairy products, onions, garlic, scallions, leeks, turnips, rutabagas, radishes, sweet potatoes, potatoes, cashews, Jerusalem artichokes, oats, wheat, and yeast in breads. Cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts and other cruciferous vegetables that belong to the genus Brassica are commonly reputed to not only increase flatulence, but to increase the pungency of the flatus.

In beans, endogenous gases seem to arise from complex oligosaccharide (carbohydrates) that are particularly resistant to digestion by mammals, but which are readily digestible by gut flora – microorganisms (methane-producing archaea; Methanobrevibacter smithii) that inhabit the digestive tract. These oligosaccharides pass through the upper intestine largely unchanged, and when they reach the lower intestine, bacteria feed on them, producing copious amounts of flatus.[6]

In the case of people who have lactose intolerance, intestinal bacteria feeding on lactose can give rise to excessive gas production when milk or lactose-containing substances have been consumed.

Interest in the causes of flatulence was spurred by high-altitude flight and the space program; the low atmospheric pressure, confined conditions, and stresses peculiar to those endeavours were cause for concern.[6] In the field of mountaineering, high altitude flatus expulsion was first noticed over two hundred years ago.
[edit] Remedies
[edit] Dietary

Certain spices have been reported to counteract the production of intestinal gas, most notably cumin, coriander, caraway and the closely related ajwain, turmeric, asafoetida (Hing), epazote, and kombu kelp (a Japanese seaweed). Most starches, including potatoes, corn, noodles, and wheat, produce gas as they are broken down in the large intestine. Rice is the only starch that does not cause gas.[7] The amount of water-soluble oligosaccharide in beans that may contribute to production of intestinal gas is reputed to be reduced by a long period of soaking followed by boiling, but at a cost of also leaching out other water-soluble nutrients.[citation needed] Also, intestinal gas can be reduced by fermenting the beans, and making them less gas-inducing, and/or by cooking them in the liquor from a previous batch. Some legumes also stand up to prolonged cooking, which can help break down the oligosaccharides into simple sugars. On the other hand, fermented bean products such as miso are less likely to produce as much intestinal gas. Fermentative lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum reduce flatulence in human intestinal tract.[8]

Probiotics (live yogurt, kefir, etc.) are reputed to reduce flatulence when used to restore balance to the normal intestinal flora.[9] Live (bioactive) yogurt contains, among other lactic bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus which may be useful in reducing flatulence. L. acidophilus may make the intestinal environmnent more acidic, supporting a natural balance of the fermentative processes. L. acidophilus is available in supplements (some believe non-dairy is best). Prebiotics, which generally are non-digestible oligosaccharides, such as fructooligosaccharide, generally increase flatulence in a similar way as described for lactose intolerance.

Medicinal activated charcoal tablets have also been reported as effective in reducing both odor and quantity of flatus when taken immediately before food that is likely to cause flatulence later.
[edit] Pharmacological

Digestive enzyme supplements may significantly reduce the amount of flatulence caused by some components of foods not being digested by the body and thereby promoting the action of microbes in the small and large intestines. It has been suggested that alpha-galactosidase enzymes, which can digest certain complex sugars, are effective in reducing the volume and frequency of flatus.[10] The enzymes alpha-galactosidase, lactase, amylase, lipase, protease, cellulase, glucoamylase, invertase, malt diastase, pectinase, and bromelain are available, either individually or in combination blends, in commercial products.

The antibiotic rifaximin, often used to treat diarrhea caused by the microorganism E. coli, may reduce both the production of intestinal gas and the frequency of flatus events.[11]

While not affecting the production of the gases themselves, surfactants (agents which lower surface tension) can reduce the disagreeable sensations associated with flatulence, by aiding the dissolution of the gases into liquid and solid fecal matter. [12] Preparations containing simethicone reportedly operate by promoting the coalescence of smaller bubbles into larger ones more easily passed from the body, either by burping or flatulence. Such preparations do not decrease the total amount of gas generated in or passed from the colon, but make the bubbles larger and thereby allowing them to be passed more easily.[12]

Often it may be helpful to ingest small quantities of acidic liquids with meals, such as lemon juice or vinegar, to stimulate the production of gastric hydrochloric acid. In turn, acid ingestion may increase normal gastric enzyme and acid production, facilitating normal digestion and perhaps limiting intestinal gas production. Ingestion of bromelain- or papain-containing supplements (such as raw pineapple or papaya, respectively,) may be helpful.[citation needed]

Odor from flatulence, caused by the intestinal bacteria called microflora in the bowel, can be treated by taking bismuth subgallate, available over-the-counter as Devrom. Bismuth subgallate is commonly used by individuals who have had ostomy surgery, bariatric surgery, fecal incontinence and irritable bowel syndrome.[13][14]
[edit] Post-release

In 1998, Chester "Buck" Weimer of Pueblo, Colorado received a patent for the first undergarment that contained a replaceable charcoal filter. The undergarments are air-tight and provide a pocketed escape hole in which a charcoal filter can be inserted.[15] In 2001 Mr Weimer received the Ig Nobel Prize for Biology for his invention.[16]

A similar product was released in 2002, but rather than an entire undergarment, consumers are able to purchase an insert similar to a pantiliner that contains activated charcoal.[17] The inventors, Myra and Brian Conant of Mililani, Hawaii still claim on their website to have discovered the undergarment product in 2002 (eight years after Chester Weimer filed for a patent for his product), but state that their tests "concluded" that they should release an insert instead.[18]
[edit] Health effects

As a normal body function, the action of flatulence is an important signal of bowel activity, and hence is often documented by nursing staff following surgical or other treatment of patients. However, symptoms of excessive flatulence can indicate the presence of irritable bowel syndrome or some other organic disease. In particular, the sudden occurrence of excessive flatulence together with the onset of new symptoms provide reason for seeking further medical examination.

Flatulence is not poisonous; it is a natural component of various intestinal contents. However, discomfort may develop from the build-up of gas pressure if an attempt is made to refrain from releasing them. In theory, pathological distension of the bowel, leading to constipation, could result if a person holds in flatulence.

Not all flatus is released from the body via the anus. When the partial pressure of any gas component of the intestinal lumen is higher than its partial pressure in the blood, that component enters into the bloodstream of the intestinal wall by the process of diffusion. As the blood passes through the lungs, this gas can diffuse back out of the blood and be exhaled. If a person holds in flatus during daytime, it will often be released during sleep involuntarily when the body is relaxed. Some flatus can become trapped within the feces during its compaction and will exit the body, still contained within the fecal matter, during the process of defecation.
[edit] Society and culture

In many cultures, human flatulence in public is regarded as embarrassing but, depending on context, can also be considered humorous. People will often strain to hold in the passing of gas when in polite company, or position themselves to conceal the noise and scent. In other cultures, it may be no more embarrassing than coughing.

While the act of passing flatus in said cultures is generally considered to be an unfortunate occurrence in public settings, flatulence may, in casual circumstances and especially among children, be used as either a humorous supplement to a joke ("pull my finger"), or as a comic activity in and of itself. The social acceptability of flatulence-based humor in entertainment and the mass media varies over the course of time and between cultures. The French guard in Monty Python and the Holy Grail says, "I fart in your general direction." This quote has been printed on several posters, t-shirts, and hats.

In 2008, a farting application for the iPhone raked in nearly $10,000 in one day.[19] There are 6 different farting applications for the Palm Pre.
[edit] Environmental impact
The flatulence of cows is only a small portion of cows' methane release. Cows also burp methane, due to the physiology of their digestive systems.

Flatulence is often blamed as a significant source of greenhouse gases, owing to the erroneous belief that the methane released by livestock is in the flatus.[20] While livestock account for around 20% of global methane emissions,[21] 90-95% of that is released by exhaling or burping.[22] Only 1–2% of global methane emissions come from livestock flatus.

Since New Zealand produces large amounts of agricultural product it is in a unique position of having high methane emissions livestock compared to other greenhouse gas sources. The New Zealand government is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol and therefore, attempts are being made to reduce greenhouse emissions. To achieve this an agricultural emissions research levy was proposed, which promptly became known as a "fart tax" or "flatulence tax". It encountered opposition from farmers, farming lobby groups and opposition politicians.

In Fresno, California, a system to harvest methane by-product from dairy cattle and convert it to usable bio-gas is being used, in a partnership with Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) and BioEnergy Solutions, in which BioEnergy Solutions sells the methane harvested from cows to PG&E, who then converts the methane to usable bio-gas, which is very similar to natural gas.[23]

In June 2009 Paul McCartney and other celebrities launched a "Meat Free Monday" campaign in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the world's livestock.[24]
[edit] Farting at will
Main article: Flatulist

Historical comment on the ability to fart at will is observed as early as St. Augustine's The City of God (5th century AD). Augustine mentions men who "have such command of their bowels, that they can break wind continuously at will, so as to produce the effect of singing." The fact that mankind in general has lost this ability he attributes to the first sin of Adam and Eve and its consequences with respect to body control.[25] Intentional passing of gas and its use as entertainment for others appears to have been somewhat well-known in pre-modern Europe, according to mentions of it in medieval and later literature, including Rabelais.

Le Pétomane ("The Fartiste") was a famous French performer in the 19th century who, as well as many professional farters before him, did flatulence impressions and held shows. The performer Mr. Methane carries on Le Pétomane's tradition today. Also, a 2002 film Thunderpants revolves around a boy named Patrick Smash who has an ongoing flatulence problem since he was a newborn baby. He eventually learnt to overcome his problems and fulfilled his dreams including being an astronaut.
[edit] See also

* Antiflatulent
* Flatulence humor
* Borborygmus
* Vaginal flatulence
* The Gas We Pass
* Fart lighting
* Le Petomane

[edit] References
[edit] Bibliography

* Allen, V. (2007) On Farting: Language and Laughter in the Middle Ages. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23493-5.
* Franklin, Benjamin (2003). Japikse, Carl. ed. Fart Proudly ((Reprint) ed.). Frog Ltd/Blue Snake. ISBN 1-58394-079-0.
* Dawson, Jim (1999). Who Cut the Cheese?: A Cultural History of the Fart. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-011-1.
* Dawson, Jim (2006). Blame it on the Dog: A Modern History of the Fart. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-751-5.
* Persels J. & Ganim, R. (2004) Fecal Matters in Early Modern Literature and Art: Studies in Scatology. (Chap. 1: The Honorable Art of Farting in Continental Renaissance). ISBN 0754641163
* von Schmausen, D. (2002). Official Rules, New World Odor International Freestyle Farting Championship. LULU. ISBN 978-1-4357-0919-5.

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Miller TL; Wolin MJ, de Macario EC, Macario AJ (1982). "Isolation of Methanobrevibacter smithii from human faeces". Appl Environ Microbiol 43(1) (1): 227–32. PMID 6798932. PMC 241804. http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view= ... id=6798932.
2. ^ http://www.emedicinehealth.com/flatulen ... cle_em.htm
3. ^ Gilbert, Avery (2008). "The Molecules That Matter". What the Nose Knows. Crown Publishers. p. 28. ISBN 9781400082346.
4. ^ "Human Digestive System". Encyclopedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45 ... 94193.hook. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
5. ^ Read, M. G.; Read, N. W. (1982). "Role of anorectal sensation in preserving continence". Gut 23 (4): 345–7. doi:10.1136/gut.23.4.345. PMID 7076012. PMC 1419736. http://gut.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view= ... id=7076012.
6. ^ a b McGee, Harold (1984). On Food and Cooking. Scribner. pp. 257–8. ISBN 0-684-84328-5.
7. ^ Gas in the Digestive Tract a publication of National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, part of the US National Institute of Health
8. ^ "Study shows secret to gas-free beans". 2006-04-26. http://web.archive.org/web/200605021108 ... DC-DC.html. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
9. ^ Rubin J. and J. Brasco, Restoring Your Digestive Health (2003).
10. ^ Ganiats TG; Norcross WA, Halverson AL, Burford PA, Palinkas LA (1994). "Does Beano prevent gas? A double-blind crossover study of oral alpha-galactosidase to treat dietary oligosaccharide intolerance". J Fam Pract 39 (5): 441–5. PMID 7964541.
11. ^ Di Stefano M; Strocchi A, Malservisi S, Veneto G, Ferrieri A, Corazza GR (2000). "Non-absorbable antibiotics for managing intestinal gas production and gas-related symptoms". Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14 (8): 1001–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00808.x. PMID 10930893. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openur ... spage=1001.
12. ^ a b Brecević L, Bosan-Kilibarda I, Strajnar F (1994). "Mechanism of antifoaming action of simethicone". J Appl Toxicol 14 (3): 207–11. doi:10.1002/jat.2550140311. PMID 8083482.
13. ^ Turnbull G (2005). "The Ostomy Files:The Issue of Oral Medications and a Fecal Ostomy". Ostomy/Wound Management 51: 14–16.
14. ^ "Colostomy Guide". 2006-01-04. http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/conte ... ostomy.asp. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
15. ^ Weimer, Chester (1997-01-14). "Protective underwear with malodorous flatus filter". http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Pars ... f=S&d=PALL. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
16. ^ "The 2001 Ig Nobel Prize Winners". http://www.improb.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html#ig2001. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
17. ^ Conant, Brian J.; Myra M. Conant (2001-11-06). "Flatulence deodorizer". http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Pars ... f=S&d=PALL. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
18. ^ "Flat-D Innovations Inc.: About the American Inventor". http://www.flat-d.com/american-inventor.html. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
19. ^ Chen, Brian X. (December 24, 2008). "iPhone Fart App Rakes in $10,000 a Day". Wired News. http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2008/12/iphone-fart-app/.
20. ^ ABC Southern Queensland: "Could skippy stop cows farting and end global warming?" Friday, 3 February 2006. Example of error. Although the article doesn't specify whether the methane is released by flatulence or eructation, it appears the headline-writer assumes it's through flatulence.
21. ^ Nowak, Rachel (September 24, 2004). "Burp vaccine cuts greenhouse gas". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6431.
22. ^ "Bovine belching called udderly serious gas problem - Global warming concerns spur effort to cut methane." By Gary Polakovic. Los Angeles Times, Sunday, July 13, 2003.
23. ^ "California converting cow dung into biogas." By Catherine Elsworth. Telegraph Media Group Limited, Friday, May 30, 2008.
24. ^ "Sir Paul McCartney calls for meat-free Mondays to combat climate change - Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. 15 June 2009. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstop ... hange.html. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
25. ^ The City of God Against the Pagans, ed and trans Philip Levine, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966, XIV.24

[edit] External links
Look up flatus or flatulence in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Flatulence
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
A cure for flatulence from 1872

* The Farting Survey (fartsurvey.com) - a comprehensive, worldwide survey about farts and farting.
* The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Gas
* Facts on Farts
* Dictionary of Fart Slang
* The Great Fart Survey (simple statistical analysis of flatulence in youths) produced by Australian Broadcasting Corporation youth website, Rollercoaster)
* Flatulence Treatment
* CNN - Farmers let rip on flatulence tax
* The world's interactive fart community
* Airline to charge for farting


[hide]
v • d • e
Symptoms and signs: digestive system and abdomen (R10-R19, 787,789)
GI tract
Upper GI tract

Nausea/Vomiting · Heartburn · Dysphagia (Oropharyngeal, Esophageal)
Halitosis
Lower GI tract


gas: Flatulence · Abdominal distension · Bloating · Belching · Tympanites

stool: Fecal incontinence (Encopresis) · Rectal tenesmus

blood: Fecal occult blood

Diarrhea
Football sign
Accessory
Hepatosplenomegaly/Hepatomegaly
Jaundice
Abdominopelvic cavity
Ascites
Abdominal – general

Abdominal pain (Acute abdomen, Colic, Baby colic)

Splenomegaly

Abdominal guarding · Abdominal mass
Shifting dullness · Bulging flanks · Puddle sign

M: DIG


anat(t, g, p)/phys/devp/cell


noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon


proc, drug(A2A/2B/3/4/5/6/7/14/16)
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

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Hurricane Earl (2010)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search
This article documents a current event. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses.

This article is about the 2010 Atlantic storm. For other uses, see Hurricane Earl.
Hurricane Earl 1


Satellite image

Forecast map

Current storm status
Category 1 hurricane (1-min mean)
As of: 2 p.m. EDT (1800 UTC) September 3
Location: 37.5°N 72.5°W
About 290 mi (465 km) SSW of Nantucket
Winds: 70 knots | 80 mph | 130 km/h sustained (1-min mean)
gusting to 85 knots | 100 mph | 160 km/h
Pressure: 961 mbar (hPa) | 28.38 inHg
Movement: NNE at 18 kt | 21 mph | 33 km/h
See more detailed information.


Hurricane Earl is the seventh tropical depression, fifth tropical storm, third hurricane and second major hurricane of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season. Forming as a classical Cape Verde-type hurricane from a large area of low pressure associated with a broad tropical disturbance wave on August 25, it slowly organized, becoming a tropical storm later that day near the Cape Verde Islands. It maintained peak winds of 45 mph for two days, before slowly strengthening into a 60 mph tropical storm. It maintained that wind speed for another 12 hours, before becoming the season's third hurricane. On August 30 at 11:00 am AST, Earl intensified into a category 3 hurricane, making it the second major hurricane of the season after Hurricane Danielle. Later that day, Earl intensified further into a category 4 hurricane before levelling out in intensity. Earl is the first Cape Verde-type hurricane to affect the Leeward Islands since Hurricane Georges in 1998. It is currently predicted to affect the Grand Strand of South Carolina, Outer Banks of North Carolina, Southeastern Massachusetts and the Canadian Maritimes. It is the most intense tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin since Hurricane Dean in 2007.

In the Leeward Islands, Hurricane Earl wrought damage estimated at up to $150 million but resulted in no loss of life.

Contents [hide]
1 Meteorological history
2 Preparations
2.1 Caribbean
2.2 United States
3 Impact
3.1 Caribbean
3.2 United States
4 Records
5 Current storm information
5.1 Watches and warnings
6 See also
7 References

[edit] Meteorological history

Storm pathEarl formed in a well-organized area of low pressure and moved into the Atlantic Ocean as a vigorous tropical disturbance wave on early August 22.[1] After moving off the west coast of Africa, a surface low started to develop near the area of thunderstorms.[2] The surface low was able to organize the area of thunderstorms, allowing deep convection to occur near it.[3] Because of the area's increasing thunderstorm organization, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) indicated on August 24 that the system had a 90% chance of becoming a tropical depression within the next 48 hours.[4] 18 hours later, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Depression Seven at around 11 am AST (1500 UTC) on August 25, while it was located about 430 mi (690 km) west of the southernmost Cape Verde Islands.[5] Six hours later, at about 5 pm AST (2100 UTC), the system's maximum sustained winds were estimated to be 40 mph (65 km/h). Accordingly, the depression was declared to have become the fifth tropical storm of the season, and received the name Earl.[6]


Hurricane Earl (bottom) rapidly strengthens and approaches the northern Leeward Islands while Danielle becomes extratropical.Earl was forecast to head westward while gradually strengthening under the influence of low wind shear and warm ocean temperatures.[7] However, dry air caught in Earl's circulation precluded additional intensification,[8] causing the storm to maintain 45 mph (75 km/h) maximum sustained winds for 36 hours.[9] On August 29, the storm resumed gradual intensification, even though wind shear increased due to the outflow from nearby Hurricane Danielle.[10] The wind shear caused Earl's low level center of circulation to become exposed, limiting Earl's intensification to 60 mph (95 km/h) maximum sustained winds during the following 12 hours.[11] As the outflow from Danielle moved away into the North Atlantic, Earl further intensified into a category two hurricane at 105 mph (165 km/h). By 5 pm AST (2100 UTC) on August 30, Earl intensified even more into a Category 4 hurricane, making it the second major hurricane of the season. Earl slightly weakened on August 31 due to an ongoing eyewall replacement cycle. Less than 24 hours later, Earl weakened into a Category 3 Hurricane. However, it re-intensified into a category 4 the next day, peaking out with sustained winds of 145 mph and maximum wind gusts to 175 mph. Earl once again weakened to a category 3,[12] as the storm started another eyewall replacement cycle.[13]

[edit] Preparations
[edit] Caribbean
On August 27, France issued a tropical storm watch for the French side of Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.[14] The next day, Antigua and Barbuda and the Netherlands Antilles issued tropical storm watches for Antigua, Barbuda, Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis and Anguilla and for Sint Maarten, Saba and Sint Eustatius.[15] Prior to Earl's arrival in the Leeward Islands, the Leeward Islands Air Transport canceled 42 flights to and from the region. The V. C. Bird International Airport was set shut down on August 29 and set to reopen after the storm passes.[16]

Although not in the direct path of Hurricane Earl, officials in the Dominican Republic prompted evacuations of coastal towns and canceled flights across the country.[17]

[edit] United States

Hurricane Earl approaching the southeastern United StatesOn August 30, emergency officials in Massachusetts began early-stage emergency plans, ensuring that all communities have shelters, generators, sand bags and other disaster prevention materials.[18] Officials in New York and New Jersey also responded to the threat of Earl. Evacuation plans were readied for Long Island and New York City; emergency officers in New Jersey also discussed the possibility of evacuating residents from low-lying areas along the coastline.[19] Having experienced a fatality from a distant Hurricane Danielle earlier in August, officials in Maryland took the threat of Earl seriously. An estimated 250,000 people were expected to travel to the region for the Labor Day weekend, increasing the risk of loss of life from rip currents. Daily conference calls between state officials also began on August 30. In Suffolk County and Nassau County on Long Island, emergency officials are preparing for 40 mph plus winds from Earl and may be forced to evacuate any time now.[20]

An administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Craig Fugate, cautioned that Earl's approach warranted a reminder for evacuation plans to be updated for the U.S. east coast, noting "It wouldn't take much to have the storm come ashore somewhere on the coast. The message is for everyone to pay attention."[21]


On August 31, mandatory evacuations began on North Carolina's Ocracoke Island. "I don't remember the last time there was a mandatory evacuation order for the island," stated Commissioner Kenneth Collier of Hyde County.[22] Mandatory evacuations were also issued for Hatteras Island on September 1, with a total of 30,000 residents and visitors affected.[23] On September 1, state of emergency declarations were issued by the governors of Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia.[23][24][25] Naval Station Norfolk was put under orders to be ready to depart port within 24 hours if necessary.[25] A spokesman for the National Hurricane Center, Dennis Feltgen, stated that not since 1991 (Hurricane Bob) had such a large region of the U.S. East Coast been under threat from a hurricane.[26] The following day, Governor Deval Patrick declared a state of emergency for Massachusetts.[27] NSTAR has deployed crews from Michigan to Cape Cod. The ferry to Nantucket will stop service Friday morning. Chatham, Massachusetts is under a voluntary evacuation order.

President Barack Obama signed a disaster declaration for North Carolina on the evening of September 1. The action authorized the Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Emergency Management Agency to coordinate relief efforts and makes federal funds available. Officials in Dare County, North Carolina, issued mandatory evacuation orders September 2 for visitors to the coastal county, including the Outer Banks. The mandatory evacuation extended to residents in some areas, including the town of South Nags Head and Hatteras Island. Dare County schools and courts were closed September 2 and were to be closed September 3.[28]

[edit] Impact
[edit] Caribbean
Throughout the Leeward Islands, heavy rains produced by the storm flooded low-lying areas.[29] In St. Maarten, trees and power lines were felled across the island, leaving most residents without power.[30] Some roof damage was sustained by homes on the island as well.[31] The highest winds recorded during Earl's passage were on St. Martin at 88 mph (142 km/h).[32] Across the islands of Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy, 3,500 people were left without power. An estimated 4,000 residences on Guadeloupe were also without electricity in the wake of Earl.[33] In the British territories of Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands, power and water supply was lost to the entire Territory; however, there were no reports of major damage, although several vessels on Tortola were grounded.[34] High winds and heavy rains battered St. Kitts and Nevis; two coast guard vessels were grounded on the islands.[35]

According to officials in Antigua and Barbuda, the entire island of Antigua was left without power due to Hurricane Earl. High winds felled numerous trees and signs as well as damaged homes.[36] At least one home was destroyed on the island, forcing the evacuation of eight people.[30] An estimated 7 inches (180 mm) of rain fell in the country, resulting in widespread flooding. In Bolans Village, seven people had to be rescued after wading into waist-deep water. Following the passage of Earl, Philmore Mullin, Director of the National Office of Disaster Services, expressed his concern for the lack of action taken by residents prior to the hurricane's arrival. A country-wide holiday was declared for August 30 by Governor General Dame Louise Lake-Tack to help cleanup efforts run more efficiently. Health officials advised residents to also boil their water to avoid water-borne diseases until further notice.[36]

Heavy rains also began to affect Puerto Rico during the early afternoon on August 30 as Hurricane Earl moved closer to the island.[32] In San Juan, 3.57 inches (91 mm) of rain fell during the passage of Earl.[37][38] Throughout the area, 180,000 people were left without power due to the storm.[39] In all, Hurricane Earl wrought up to $150 million in damage throughout the Caribbean.[40]

[edit] United States

Hurricane Earl off the Mid-Atlantic.During the afternoon and evening of September 2, Hurricane Earl brushed the coastline of North Carolina, bringing high winds and heavy rains to the state. The highest winds were recorded in Cape Hatteras at 67 mph (108 km/h); however, there were few reports of damage in relation to the winds. Minor flooding took place along several roads, including North Carolina Highway 12 which was shut down on Hatteras Island. A pier at Atlantic Beach was also damaged by rough seas.[41] Numerous homes along the coast were flooded by rising waters, reaching 3 ft (0.91 m) in places. An estimated 6,600 residences were left without power due to Hurricane Earl.[42] Waves just offshore were measured between 25 and 36 ft (7.6 and 11 m), likely resulting in beach erosion.[43]

[edit] Records
Earl is the first Cape Verde-type hurricane to affect the Leeward Islands since Hurricane Georges in 1998.

In 3 years, Earl is the most intense tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin since Hurricane Dean in 2007.

When Earl strengthened significantly the September 1st, 145 mph as a Category 4 storm winds make it the strongest Atlantic hurricane on record so far north in U.S. coastal waters alongside only Hurricane Esther and Hurricane Connie made it farther north in U.S. coastal waters at a higher strength.

[edit] Current storm information
See also: Tropical cyclone warnings and watches
As of 2 p.m. EDT (1800 UTC) September 3, the center of Hurricane Earl was located near 37.5°N 72.5°W, about 290 miles (465 km) south-southwest of Nantucket, Massachusetts. Maximum sustained winds are estimated at 80 mph (130 km/h), with higher gusts. The minimum central pressure is estimated to be 961 mbar (hPa, 28.38 inHg), and the storm is moving north-northeast at 21 mph (33 km/h).

Tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 205 miles (335 km) to the north of the center of Earl, and hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 70 miles (110 km) from the center.

[edit] Watches and warnings
Hurricane Warning
Hurricane conditions
expected within 36 hours. United States
The Massachusetts coast from Woods Hole around to Sagamore Beach
Nantucket Island and Martha's Vineyard

Hurricane Watch
Hurricane conditions
possible within 48 hours. Canada
The coast of Nova Scotia from Digby around to Ecum Secum

Tropical Storm Warning
Tropical storm conditions expected within 36 hours. United States
The Mid-Atlantic coast from the Virginia-North Carolina border northward to Sandy Hook, New Jersey
Chesapeake Bay south of New Point Comfort
Delaware Bay south of Slaughter Beach
The New England coast from New Haven, Connecticut, northward to Woods Hole, Massachusetts, including Block Island
Long Island, New York, from Fire Island Inlet around to Port Jefferson Harbor
The Massachusetts coast from Sagamore Beach northward to Hull
The Maine coast from Stonington northward to Eastport, Maine at the Canadian border
Canada
The Bay of Fundy coast of Nova Scotia from Fort Lawrence around to Digby
The Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia from Medway Harbor eastward to Point Tupper
The Gulf of St. Lawrence coast from Tidnish Bridge eastward to Lismore
Prince Edward Island

Tropical Storm Watch
Tropical storm conditions possible within 48 hours. United States
The Maine coast from Cape Elizabeth northward to Stonington
Canada
The Bay of Fundy coast from the United States border around to Fort Lawrence, Nova Scotia, including Grand Manan
The coast of Nova Scotia from Ecum Secum around to Lismore
Magdalen Islands


For latest official information see:

The CHC's latest information statement on Hurricane Earl
The NHC's latest public advisory on Hurricane Earl.
The NHC's latest Forecast Discussion on Hurricane Earl.
[edit] See also
Tropical cyclones portal
2010 Atlantic hurricane season
Other storms named Earl
List of North Carolina hurricanes (2000–present)
List of New England hurricanes
List of tropical cyclone names
[edit] References
1.^ Felix Garcia (August 22, 2010). "Tropical Weather Discussion for the North Atlantic Ocean, August 22, 2010 8:05AM EST". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TW ... 221145.txt. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
2.^ Mike Forpemosa (August 23, 2010). "Tropical Weather Discussion for the North Atlantic Ocean, August 23, 2010 2:05PM EST". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TW ... 231743.txt. Retrieved August29, 2010.
3.^ Mike Formosa (August 24, 2010). "Tropical Weather Discussion for the North Atlantic Ocean, August 24, 2010 2:05PM EST". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TW ... 241716.txt. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
4.^ Eric Blake (August 24, 2010). "Tropical Weather Discussion for the North Atlantic Ocean, August 24, 2010 8:00PM EST". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/gtwo/at ... 1008250231. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
5.^ Lixion Avila (August 25, 2010). "Tropical Depression Seven Public Advisory 1, August 25, 2010 11:00AM AST". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/al ... .001.shtml. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
6.^ Lixion Avila (August 25, 2010). "Tropical Storm Earl Public Advisory 2, August 25, 2010 5:00PM AST". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/al ... .002.shtml. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
7.^ Lixion Avila (August 25, 2010). "Tropical Storm Earl Discussion 2, August 25, 2010 5:00PM AST". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/al ... .002.shtml. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
8.^ Stacy Stewart (August 26, 2010). "Tropical Storm Earl Discussion 5, August 26, 2010 11:00AM AST". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/al ... .005.shtml. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
9.^ Lixion Avila (August 27, 2010). "Tropical Storm Earl Discussion 10, August 27, 2010 5:00PM AST". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/al ... .010.shtml. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
10.^ Eric Blake (August 27, 2010). "Tropical Storm Earl Discussion 11, August 27, 2010 11:00PM AST". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/al ... .011.shtml. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
11.^ Lixion Avila (August 28, 2010). "Tropical Storm Earl Discussion 14, August 28, 2010 5:00PM AST". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/al ... .014.shtml. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
12.^ "Earl weakens a bit, still East Coast threat". MSNBC (Burton, NC). September 2, 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38877306/ns/weather/. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
13.^ Lixion Avila (August 28, 2010). "Hurricane Earl Public Advisory Number 33, September 2, 2010 11:00AM AST". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/al ... .033.shtml?. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
14.^ Avila, Lixion. "Tropical Storm Earl Advisory Number 10". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/al ... .010.shtml?. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
15.^ Cangialosi, John; Brennan, Michael. "Tropical Storm Earl Advisory Number 12". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2010/al ... .012.shtml?. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
16.^ Staff Writer (August 29, 2010). "Hurricane Earl nears Antigua and Barbuda". Caribbean 360. http://www.caribbean360.com/index.php/news/37902.html. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
17.^ Zhang Xu (August 30, 2010). "Dominican Republic Evacuates Towns, Suspends Flights due to Hurricane Earl". Xinhua. http://www.webcitation.org/5sNlKw9nc. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
18.^ Laura Crimaldi (August 30, 2010). "Massachusetts officials prepare for possible brush with hurricane". The Boston Herald. http://www.webcitation.org/5sN6zbZVl. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
19.^ Chris Herring and Erik Holm (August 30, 2010). "Greater New York Keeps Eye on Hurricane Earl". The Wall Street Journal. http://www.webcitation.org/5sNkgBsyB. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
20.^ Frank D. Roylance (August 30, 2010). "Ocean City braces for Hurricane Earl". The Baltimore Sun. http://www.webcitation.org/5sNl1CnEy. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
21.^ "Earl batters Caribbean, threatens East Coast". msnbc. August 30, 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38877306/ns/weather. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
22.^ "Hurricane Earl Evacuations: North Carolina Vacation Island In Hurricane Earl Path". The Huffington Post. September 1, 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/0 ... 01580.html. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
23.^ a b "East braces for Earl's onslaught". MSNBC. September 1, 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38877306/ns/weather/. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
24.^ Staff writer (2010-09-01). "Earl prompts NC gov to declare State of Emergency". WMBF-TV. http://www.wmbfnews.com/Global/story.asp?S=13083297. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
25.^ a b Tanglao, Leezel (2010-09-01). "Hurricane Earl Triggers Virginia State of Emergency, Carolina Evacuations". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/US/hurricane-earl ... d=11530137. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
26.^ "Hurricane Earl approaches East Coast". Los Angeles Times. 2010-09-01. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld ... 7403.story. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
27.^ Staff writer (2010-09-02). "With Earl approaching, Mass. governor declares state of emergency". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaki ... s_ext.html. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
28.^ CNN Wire Staff (2010-09-02). "At Category 2, Hurricane Earl spins off North Carolina". CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/09/02/tropic ... eedfetcher.
29.^ Staff Writer (August 30, 2010). "AP Top News at 8:10 a.m. EDT". The Associated Press. http://www.webcitation.org/5sMyYSQZX. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
30.^ a b Mike Melia (August 30, 2010). "Hurricane Earl lashes Caribbean, threatens US". The Associated Press. http://www.webcitation.org/5sN7tXKX6. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
31.^ The Associated Press (August 30, 2010). "Category 4 Earl batters northeast Caribbean". The Jamaica Observer. http://www.webcitation.org/5sNjcKz2V. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
32.^ a b Henry Margusity (August 30, 2010). "Hurricane Earl Hitting the Virgin Islands and Flooding Puerto Rico". Accuweather. http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/s ... he-vir.asp. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
33.^ Staff Writer (August 30, 2010). "US braces for Hurricane Earl". Al Jazeera. http://www.webcitation.org/5sNm1djYr. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
34.^ "Damage Assessment Following Hurricane Earl". 2010-09-01. http://www2.bviplatinum.com/news.php?mo ... 1283280874. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
35.^ CMC (August 31, 2010). "Caribbean countries cleaning up after close encounter with Earl". Jamaica Observer. http://www.webcitation.org/5sOfFrzYP. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
36.^ a b Staff Writer (August 30, 2010). "Antigua counting the cost of Hurricane Earl". Go Jamaica. http://www.webcitation.org/5sNiA678B. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
37.^ Resident of San Juan, Puerto Rico (August 30, 2010). "Daily Weather Summary for San Juan, Puerto Rico: August 30, 2010". Weather Underground. http://www.wunderground.com/weatherstat ... &year=2010. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
38.^ Resident of San Juan, Puerto Rico (August 31, 2010). "Daily Weather Summary for San Juan, Puerto Rico: August 30, 2010". Weather Underground. http://www.wunderground.com/weatherstat ... &year=2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
39.^ Celso Hernandez (August 31, 2010). "Hurricane Earl- Aftermath Arecibo". Caribbean Hurricane Network. http://stormcarib.com/reports/current/r ... 5693_81580. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
40.^ Anthony R. Wood and Jacqueline L. Urgo (September 2, 2010). "Hurricane Earl likely to spare Jersey Shore". The Philadelphia Inquirer. http://www.webcitation.org/5sRdWBwdn. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
41.^ The Associated Press (September 3, 2010). "Little damage reported as Hurricane Earl passes North Carolina coast". KSDK5. http://www.webcitation.org/5sTENAaG5. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
42.^ The Associated Press (September 3, 2010). "Earl Brings Minor Damage, Outages To Coast". WSOC9. http://www.webcitation.org/5sTEiAMMW. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
43.^ The Associated Press and Reuters (September 3, 2010). "Earl lashes N.C. coast, officials survey damage". MSNBC. http://www.webcitation.org/5sTEskjz2. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by Digspeed »

http://www.trutv.com/shows/operation_re ... s.html#=fb


Check out the video link. Operation Repo ‎'Operation Repo' VIDEO EXCLUSIVE. Sonia dishes about how she got involved with Froy for the first time when he was only 13-years-old. Wait, what? Click here to get the full behind the scenes story :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo :-ooo
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by Digspeed »

Operation Repo is on FacebookSign up for Facebook to connect with Operation Repo.

Operation Repo
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Lamar Sargent "" Why does Matt always try to take the person to the ground, while the others are still standing? Holding one guy down while 5 others are standing up hitting and throwing beer bottles is no way to fight. Without Sonja or Froy, Matt loses almost every time.
11 hours ago
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Gena Goesele "" No!!! Froy does not look like a hoodlum, the shirts are just ridiculous.... That is no joke...
about a week ago
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Marcus Smith "" matt has a kick ass bike! its super fast
about a week ago
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+
Alexa Smith i hate matt. he's a wimp lol
September 1 at 8:08am
+
Dennise Walker His bike is a sissy bike!
September 1 at 4:41pm
*
April Mobley "" YA'll need to leave Matt alone. I don't see any of u out there doing the job. Besides he got the money to do what ever he wants.
about a week ago
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Mandy LeBouef "" Froy makes me want me to go to your city buy a car and skip the payments just so he can come repo my car so i can drink his bath water and give a full body tounge massage.
about a week ago
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+
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Mandy LeBouef well it pleases me to know you think so brother in law
August 31 at 7:20am
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Patti Ann Spinelli-Vaccaro he is cute
September 1 at 10:44am
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Crystalmarie Peterson "" Great Crew...would like to meet all of u..........Great Job
about a week ago
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Waylon Newton "" i love operation repo i sorry froy wat had happen to u when u got beat up from the bickers keep make ur famous out ragous show
about a week ago
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Waylon Newton likes this.
o
+
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Karin L. Marr LOL! You're funny! ;-)
August 26 at 5:30pm
+
Waylon Newton ya
August 26 at 5:30pm
*
Jodie Sasse "" I love u all....except Matt.....hes the biggest puss ive ever seen, he acts tough but hides behind people all the time also he pisses his pants and only knows 1 hold,,,,,lol....what a BIG PUSSY U R ,,,MATT
about 2 weeks ago
o
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Pam Sutton-Steiner likes this.
o
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Pam Sutton-Steiner hahaha, you need a life, Jodie.....hahahaha
August 24 at 12:04pm
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Jodie Sasse why u say that??
August 24 at 8:00pm
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April Mobley He only pist in his pants after being tazed. Do you really watch the show or flip threw it. U need a man like him in ur life.
August 30 at 9:47pm
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Candace Jeffries "" Froy.....I'd SOOOO like to be the chick that he goes home to at night....
about 2 weeks ago
o
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Wendy Jaafar likes this.
o
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Tina Ferguson "" THIS SHOW IS REALLY SO COOL, I WOULD GIVE IT A 10 STAR'S IF IT WOULD LET ME..
about 2 weeks ago
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o
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Chris Holder the show sucks...its fake as hell and bullshit....it needs a 0 star
August 27 at 5:54am
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Josh Pierson "" i despise people that hate this show and this show is so cool that i would give it 5 STARS this is the best show ever.:)))))))
about 2 weeks ago
o
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Tina Ferguson likes this.
o
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Alex Seath "" This show is by far the worse show I have ever seen,my good GOD!!! Half the time it seems like it is really really bad actors on the show. I cant even give this show 1 star ,but I have to,to be able to share a review !!!
about 2 weeks ago
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Ken Watson likes this.
o
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Karin L. Marr You're an ass.
August 26 at 5:27pm
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Chris Holder "" the show "SUCKS"...it needs to come off tv
about 2 weeks ago
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Ken Watson likes this.
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April Mobley Hey Chris what world do you live in? That is they things happen. And the only BITCH I see is u!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
August 30 at 9:49pm
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Chris Holder I live in the real world not this fake ass bullshit so kiss my ass BITCH
August 30 at 9:57pm
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Rocky Foster "" I figured out new job for matt. prostitute he is always on his back being someones b--ch anyway. If you want to watch a good show watch all worked up with lizard lick not like this fake ass shit. And sonya have you ever looked in the mirror must not have because your ugly ass should not be off of chain.
about a month ago
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Ken Watson, Chris Holder and Rocky Foster like this.
o
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Karin L. Marr You're an ass.
August 26 at 5:28pm
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Rocky Foster Thank You KARIN did the truth hurt? maybe you would like to help with his new job. I am sure he would like to have someone on corner with him to talk to and protect him!
August 27 at 7:14am · 1 personLoading...
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Brian Rowe "" When was the last real repo that you have gone on? None of the one that have been on the show are in any way real. Annoying to see you show "cops" on the show for the "sobriety test", when you already say police officers don't let you film them.
about a month ago
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Chris Holder likes this.
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Pat McNiel "" Ditch that dummy Frank. What a weirdo. Love the rest of them. My favorite show.
about a month ago
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Karin L. Marr likes this.
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Jeannie Snider "" op rebo is soo cool Froy you are the man
about a month ago
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Christina Parker "" I only watch the show for Froy HE IS HOT!!!!
about a month ago
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Kelsey Elizabeth McCoy "" I LOVE THE SHOW AND IF YOU DONT LIKE IT DONT WATCH IT AND QUIT HATIN ON MATT HE IS AWESOME HE MAKES THE SHOW GREAT I WOULDNT WATCH IT WITHOUT HIM
about a month ago
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Pat Flynn "" Op Repo would get 5 stars if they lost Matt. It would still be great drama w/out a narcissistic, misogynist with a violent personality. Sonia may have minor control issues but she has a good heart with a conscience and her aim is usually only toward her family. This man strikes out in every direction and has serious mental illnesses that will take this show and the people on it down. Be very careful.
about a month ago
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Dan LeBlanc are you kidding? Matt is my fucking hero! hahaha he is what makes the show... I would definitely not waist my time watching the show without him.... people crying and voluntarily handing over their keys makes for sissy TV.... He is there to intimidate and is doing a fine job protecting his coworkers... subconsciously the point of view of the audience is that we are on their team and win every time... Who wouldn't want a human tank in their posse? If you don't like it flip the channel and go change your tampon...
August 5 at 9:35pm
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by Luigi »

The ol' valet trick, another example of class:


Hilarious!

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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by Luigi »

What not to do during a repo operation: Taking more than the car


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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by Luigi »

Pepper Spray vs Taser


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Callaway Chris
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by Callaway Chris »

Any new "Repo" episodes on lately?

For some reason, I have not seen anything about this show lately... :wtf
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by kingforward »

Callaway Chris wrote:Any new "Repo" episodes on lately?

For some reason, I have not seen anything about this show lately... :wtf
Chris, we look to you for guidance on this subject.

Thread has almost 17,000 views since you started it. :spam
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by kingforward »

seven seasons and over 100 episodes ;puke
17,000 views of this thread. :bs
Operation Repo
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Operation Repo
Operación Repo (original)

Genre Docudrama
Created by Luis Pizarro
Directed by Luis Pizarro
Starring Luis Pizarro
Sonia Pizarro
Froylan 'Froy' Tercero
Lyndah Pizarro
Matt Burch
Country of origin United States
Language(s) English
No. of seasons 7 Seasons [1]
No. of episodes 101 [2]
Production
Executive producer(s) Tariq Jalil, Francisco Aguilar, Luis Pizarro
Producer(s) EGA Productions
Location(s) San Fernando Valley, California
Running time 30 min.
Broadcast
Original channel Telemundo
CourtTV now truTV
First shown in October 2006 [3]
Original run as Operación Repo on Telemundo
as Operation Repo - November 10, 2008 [4] – Present
Chronology
Related shows Operación Repo
External links
Official website

Operation Repo is an American television program which takes a look inside the world of car repossession with a team of "professionals" who recreate repossessions from California's San Fernando Valley.[5] Similar to another truTV show, Southern Fried Stings, the series is filmed in a cinema verité style but consists of scripted and dramatized reenactments performed by actors. The show is filmed by recreating scenes which show the cast conducting repossession of automobiles for finance companies. In the show they also perform repossession of other exotic and strange items such as luxury boats, planes, limousines, ATVs, tow trucks, expensive bicycles, hot air ballons and tanning beds.[6]

truTV describes itself as presenting "real-life stories told from an exciting and dramatic first-person perspective," with the slogan "Not Reality. Actuality." [7] Operation Repo consists of actual stories from repossession incidents, however the show depicts scripted and dramatized re-enactments in which the cast recreates incidents using actors and staged action footage. There is a disclaimer at the beginning of the show which says: "The stories that are portrayed in this program are based on real events. The names of the characters were changed in order to protect their identities . . . and some honor." This has prompted many people to question the show's authenticity, because it is portrayed as being Reality-TV.[8]

Operation Repo was first produced in an English-language version in 2008. The show is based on a Spanish-language program of essentially the same name, Operación Repo, shown on Telemundo, which launched in October 2006. Operación Repo has been the number-one rated show on Telemundo.[9]

The seventh season premiered on June 7, 2010.[10] Operation Repo also airs on OLN in Canada.

Contents [hide]
1 Cast
2 Production
3 References
4 External links

[edit] Cast
Luis 'Lou' Pizarro - himself (Boss)
Sonia Pizarro - herself (Lou's sister)
Froylan 'Froy' Tercero - himself (Sonia's ex-husband)
Lyndah Pizarro - herself (Lou's daughter)
Matt Burch - himself
James Spivey - himself
[edit] Production
Tariq Jalil - Executive Producer
Francisco Aguilar - Executive Producer/Director
Luis Pizarro - Executive Producer/Creator
Stephen A. Phillips - Consulting Producer
Angel Annussek - Executive Producer (in association with truTV)
Lars Casteen - Associate Producer (in association with truTV)
User avatar
Luigi
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Re: (Tru-Life) Operation Repo - Great show, LOL

Post by Luigi »

WooHoo!

Trash TV at its best!

-Luigi
:cool
http://www.tv4autos.com
1956 Ford Thunderbird tricked out!
2005 Dodge Ram 1500
2008 Callaway C16
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